Investigation of the yield of biologically active substances during the ultrasound and electro-discharge extraction of medicinal herbs of the foothills of the North Caucasus

Asiyat Neftullayeva; Sabina Azimova; Yulia Maskurova; Rafan Tsimgigova; Aminat Papanova; Selima Dachaeva; Liana Damaeva; Sergey Povetkin

doi:10.5219/1843

Authors

Asiyat Neftullayeva Dagestan State Medical University, 5 Gusaeva Str., 367000, Makhachkala, Republic Of Dagestan, Russia, Tel.: +7-905-410-73-36
Sabina Azimova Saratov State Medical University named after V.I.Razumovsky, Bolshaya Kazachya str., 112, 410012, Saratov, Russia, Tel.: +7-905-490-85-55
Yulia Maskurova North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Maxim Gorky Str., 83, 362025, Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, Tel.: +7-918-746-77-08
Rafan Tsimgigova North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Maxim Gorky Str., 83, 362025, Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, Tel.: +7-962-002-76-13
Aminat Papanova North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Maxim Gorky Str., 83, 362025, Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, Tel.: +7-963-383-53-60
Selima Dachaeva North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Maxim Gorky Str., 83, 362025, Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, Tel.: +7-989-973-75-63
Liana Damaeva North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Maxim Gorky Str., 83, 362025, Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, Tel.: +7-989-98-99-09
Sergey Nikolaevich Povetkin North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street, 1, 355009, Stavropol, Russia, Tel.: +79183500889

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5219/1843

Keywords:

herbal extract, water extract, ultrasound extract, electric pulse extraction, medicinal herbs

Abstract

Biologically active components are present in plants in small quantities. There are many different extraction methods, which can be used for their extraction. In this scientific work, extracts of three plants (common origanum, peppermint and garden sage) were prepared in three different ways: water extraction, ultrasound extraction and electro-discharge extraction. The dynamics of saturation of extracts with flavonoids, essential oils and organic acids for each case were studied within 48 hours after the experiment's start. The conducted studies have confirmed the effectiveness of electro-discharge extraction in comparison with ultrasound and in comparison with water extraction. Forty-eight hours after the start of the experiment, 7-15% more organic acids, flavonoids and essential oils were observed in extracts of the studied plants obtained after electro-discharge treatment than in water extracts. A similar dynamic can be traced in the assessment of all indicators. At the same time, 80% readiness of extracts in the case of electro-discharge treatment was observed already 30 minutes after the start of the experiment. Similar indicators (80% of the maximum) were achieved after 24 hours of water extraction and after 2 hours with ultrasound treatment. Thus, the electro-discharge treatment allows you to obtain higher-quality and more enriched active substance extracts in a much shorter time. At the same time, electro-discharge treatment has a significant list of disadvantages described in detail in this article.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Yunusa, I., & Ahmad, I. (2012). Energy- Drinks: Composition and Health Benefits. In Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Vol. 4, Issue 2). African Journals Online (AJOL). https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v4i2.38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v4i2.38

Slozhenkina, M. I., Skachkov, D. A., Serova, O. P., Pilipenko, D. N., Obrushnikova, L. F., & Mosolova, N. I. (2021). Innovative whey based tonic drink with the plant components. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 677, Issue 3, p. 032002). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/3/032002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/3/032002

Ukrainets, A. I. (2016). ANTIOXIDANT PLANT EXTRACTS IN THE MEAT PROCESSING INDUSTRY. In Biotechnologia Acta (Vol. 9, Issue 2, pp. 19–27). National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Co. LTD Ukrinformnauka). https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech9.02.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech9.02.019

Samokhvalova, O., Oliinyk, S., Kasabova, K., Stepankova, G., & Bolkhovitina, O. (2021). Prospects for use of new sources of dietary fibers in the technology of flour confectionery products. In I. Spichak & O. Lebedeva (Eds.), BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 30, p. 01017). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213001017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213001017

Akyuz, S., Chousein (Ntemir), O. M., Sacan, O., Yanardag, R., Kalaycı, S., Yarat, A., & Sahin, F. (2019). Antibacterial and photodynamic effects of some plant extracts for cavity disinfection. In Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (Vol. 26, pp. 48–52). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.025

Rzhepakovsky, I. V., Areshidze, D. A., Avanesyan, S. S., Grimm, W. D., Filatova, N. V., Kalinin, A. V., Kochergin, S. G., Kozlova, M. A., Kurchenko, V. P., Sizonenko, M. N., Terentiev, A. A., Timchenko, L. D., Trigub, M. M., Nagdalian, A. A., & Piskov, S. I. (2022). Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Chlorophytum Comosum (Green Type) (Thunb.) Jacq. In Molecules (Vol. 27, Issue 3, p. 762). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030762

Raasmaja, A., Lecklin, A., Li, X. M., Zou, J., Zhu, G.-G., Laakso, I., & Hiltunen, R. (2013). A water-alcohol extract of Citrus grandis whole fruits has beneficial metabolic effects in the obese Zucker rats fed with high fat/high cholesterol diet. In Food Chemistry (Vol. 138, Issues 2–3, pp. 1392–1399). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.140

Cheng, Y., Xue, F., Yu, S., Du, S., & Yang, Y. (2021). Subcritical Water Extraction of Natural Products. In Molecules (Vol. 26, Issue 13, p. 4004). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134004

Pavlić, B., Šojić, B., Teslić, N., Putnik, P., & Kovačević, D. B. (2021). Extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils from herbs using green technologies. In Aromatic Herbs in Food (pp. 233–262). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822716-9.00007-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822716-9.00007-X

Feng, T., Zhang, M., Sun, Q., Mujumdar, A. S., & Yu, D. (2022). Extraction of functional extracts from berries and their high quality processing: a comprehensive review. In Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (pp. 1–18). Informa UK Limited. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2040418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2040418

Cañadas, R., González-Miquel, M., González, E. J., Díaz, I., & Rodríguez, M. (2020). Overview of neoteric solvents as extractants in food industry: A focus on phenolic compounds separation from liquid streams. In Food Research International (Vol. 136, p. 109558). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109558

Nayak, S., Kumal, R. R., Liu, Z., Qiao, B., Clark, A. E., & Uysal, A. (2021). Origins of Clustering of Metalate–Extractant Complexes in Liquid–Liquid Extraction. In ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (Vol. 13, Issue 20, pp. 24194–24206). American Chemical Society (ACS). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c23158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c23158

Gerbaud, V., & Rodriguez-Donis, I. (2019). Advances in Extractive Distillation. In Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.05949-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409547-2.05949-7

Sridhar, A., Ponnuchamy, M., Kumar, P. S., Kapoor, A., Vo, D.-V. N., & Prabhakar, S. (2021). Techniques and modeling of polyphenol extraction from food: a review. In Environmental Chemistry Letters (Vol. 19, Issue 4, pp. 3409–3443). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01217-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01217-8

Tyagi, A., Yadav, A. K., Yadav, A., Saini, L., Kumar, V., Jain, P., Mohammad, I., Ansari, M. J., El Enshasy, H. A., Abdel-Gawad, F. Kh., Obaid, S. A., Siddiqui, S. A., & Malik, V. (2022). Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods for the Identification and Distinction of Essential Oils in Genus Ocimum L.: A Chemometric Approach. In Journal of King Saud University - Science (Vol. 34, Issue 8, p. 102355). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102355

Belokurov, S. S., Narkevich, I. A., Flisyuk, E. V., Kaukhova, I. E., & Aroyan, M. V. (2019). Modern Extraction Methods for Medicinal Plant Raw Material (Review). In Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (Vol. 53, Issue 6, pp. 559–563). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-019-02037-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-019-02037-5

Techniques Adopted for Extraction of Natural Products Extraction Methods: Maceration, Percolation, Soxhlet Extraction, Turbo distillation, Supercritical Fluid Extraction. (2019). In International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science (Vol. 6, Issue 4). ARC Publications Pvt Ltd. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0604001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0604001

Bendicho, C., & Lavilla, I. (2000). EXTRACTION | Ultrasound Extractions. In Encyclopedia of Separation Science (pp. 1448–1454). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-226770-2/02251-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-226770-2/02251-1

Liao, J., Zheng, N., & Qu, B. (2016). An Improved Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Method by Optimizing the Ultrasonic Frequency for Enhancing the Extraction Efficiency of Lycopene from Tomatoes. In Food Analytical Methods (Vol. 9, Issue 8, pp. 2288–2298). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0419-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0419-4

Bereka, V., & Kondratenko, I. (2021). ELECTRIC DISCHARGE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND CRITERIA OF EXPEDIENCY OF THEIR USE. In Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini (Vol. 2021, Issue 58, pp. 90–99). National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Co. LTD Ukrinformnauka). https://doi.org/10.15407/publishing2021.58.090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/publishing2021.58.090

Oboturova, N.P., Evdokimov, I.A., Nagdalian, A.A., Kulikov, Y.I., & Gusevskaya, O.A. (2015). The study on the influence of the electrohydraulic effect on the diffusion coefficient and the penetration depth of salt into muscle tissues during salting. Foods and Raw materials, (Vol. 3, pp. 74-81).KEMSU Publishing. http://doi.org/10.12737/13121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12737/13121

Dalimova, G. N., Abduazimov, Kh. A., Rakhmanberdieva, R. K., Gorokhova, V. G., Petrushenko, L. N., Babkin, B. A., & Koshilev, N. A. (1994). Electrohydraulic effect in heterodisperse water-plant systems. II. Chemical nature of the suspended particles. In Chemistry of Natural Compounds (Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 400–403). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00629985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629985

Chadni, M., Grimi, N., Ziegler-Devin, I., Brosse, N., & Bals, O. (2019). High voltage electric discharges treatment for high molecular weight hemicelluloses extraction from spruce. In Carbohydrate Polymers (Vol. 222, p. 115019). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115019

Malik, M. A., Ghaffar, A., & Malik, S. A. (2001). Water purification by electrical discharges. In Plasma Sources Science and Technology (Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 82–91). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/10/1/311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/10/1/311

GOST 21908 – 76. Herb of marjoram. Specifications. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200022890

GOST 21908 – 93. Herb of marjoram. Specifications. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200022890

GOST 1994-93. Fruits of sweet-brier. Specifications. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200022906

GOST R ISO. Tea. Determination of water extract. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200094381

GOST R 55312-2012. Propolis. Method for determination of flavonoid compositions. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200102032

GOST 33410-2015. Non-alcoholic, low-alcoholic, wine and juice products. Determination of organic acids content by high performance liquid chromatography Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200138381

GOST 24027.2-80. Methods for determination of moisture, ash content, extractive and tannin materials, essential oil. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200022957

Patel, P. K., Siddiqui, S. A., Kuča, K., Sabhapondit, S., Sarma, R., Gogoi, B., Singh, S. K., Bordoloi, R. K., Saikia, J. K., Gogoi, R. C., Bhardwaj, K., Yang, J., Tao, Y., Manickam, S., & Das, B. (2022). Physiological and biochemical evaluation of high anthocyanin pigmented tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) germplasm for purple tea production. In Frontiers in Nutrition (Vol. 9). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.990529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.990529

Chaves, J. O., de Souza, M. C., da Silva, L. C., Lachos-Perez, D., Torres-Mayanga, P. C., Machado, A. P. da F., Forster-Carneiro, T., Vázquez-Espinosa, M., González-de-Peredo, A. V., Barbero, G. F., & Rostagno, M. A. (2020). Extraction of Flavonoids From Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques. In Frontiers in Chemistry (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.507887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.507887

Palombo, E. A. (2011). Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases. In Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Vol. 2011, pp. 1–15). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep067

Xi, J., He, L., & Yan, L. (2017). Continuous extraction of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peel using high voltage electrical discharge. In Food Chemistry (Vol. 230, pp. 354–361). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.072

Milevskaya, V. V., Butylskaya, T. S., Temerdashev, Z. A., Statkus, M. A., & Kiseleva, N. V. (2017). Kinetics of Extraction of Biologically Active Substances from Medicinal Plant Raw Materials using Different Techniques. In Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin (Vol. 72, Issue 6, pp. 260–266). Allerton Press. https://doi.org/10.3103/s0027131417060062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0027131417060062

Arya, A., Chahal, R., Nanda, A., Kaushik, D., Bin-Jumah, M., Rahman, Md. H., Abdel-Daim, M. M., & Mittal, V. (2021). Statistically Designed Extraction of Herbs Using Ultrasound Waves: A Review. In Current Pharmaceutical Design (Vol. 27, Issue 34, pp. 3638–3655). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666210222114441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666210222114441

Carbonell-Capella, J. M., Buniowska, M., Barba, F. J., Grimi, N., Vorobiev, E., Esteve, M. J., & Frígola, A. (2016). Changes of Antioxidant Compounds in a Fruit Juice-Stevia rebaudiana Blend Processed by Pulsed Electric Technologies and Ultrasound. In Food and Bioprocess Technology (Vol. 9, Issue 7, pp. 1159–1168). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-016-1706-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-016-1706-1

Carbonell-Capella, J. M., Šic Žlabur, J., Rimac Brnčić, S., Barba, F. J., Grimi, N., Koubaa, M., Brnčić, M., & Vorobiev, E. (2017). Electrotechnologies, microwaves, and ultrasounds combined with binary mixtures of ethanol and water to extract steviol glycosides and antioxidant compounds from Stevia rebaudiana leaves. In Journal of Food Processing and Preservation (Vol. 41, Issue 5, p. e13179). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13179

Vanraes, P., Nikiforov, A. Y., & Leys, C. (2016). Electrical Discharge in Water Treatment Technology for Micropollutant Decomposition. In Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/61830

Banožić, M., Jozinović, A., Grgić, J., Miličević, B., & Jokić, S. (2021). High Voltage Electric Discharge for Recovery of Chlorogenic Acid from Tobacco Waste. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 8, p. 4481). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084481

Plaza, M., & Turner, C. (2015). Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactives. In TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry (Vol. 71, pp. 39–54). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.022

Melgar, B., Dias, M. I., Barros, L., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Rodriguez-Lopez, A. D., & Garcia-Castello, E. M. (2019). Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction of Opuntia Fruit Peels Biocompounds: Optimization and Comparison Using RSM-CCD. In Molecules (Vol. 24, Issue 19, p. 3618). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193618

Xu, Y., Qiu, Y., Ren, H., Ju, D., & Jia, H. (2016). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Aronia melanocarpa pomace by response surface methodology. In Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology (Vol. 47, Issue 3, pp. 312–321). Informa UK Limited. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2016.1244684 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2016.1244684

Yang, T., Fang, L., Lin, T., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, A., & Xie, J. (2019). Ultrasonicated sour Jujube seed flavonoids extract exerts ameliorative antioxidant capacity and reduces Aβ-induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. In Journal of Ethnopharmacology (Vol. 239, p. 111886). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111886

Roselló-Soto, E., Barba, F. J., Parniakov, O., Galanakis, C. M., Lebovka, N., Grimi, N., & Vorobiev, E. (2014). High Voltage Electrical Discharges, Pulsed Electric Field, and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Protein and Phenolic Compounds from Olive Kernel. In Food and Bioprocess Technology (Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 885–894). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1456-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1456-x

Belov, A. A. (2020). Design of a Laboratory Electro-hydraulic Installation for Water Disinfection. In Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK (Vol. 67, Issue 2, pp. 3–7). FSBI All Russian Research Institute for Mechanization in Agriculture (VIM). https://doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-2-3-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-2-3-7

Vanraes, P., Nikiforov, A. Y., & Leys, C. (2016). Electrical Discharge in Water Treatment Technology for Micropollutant Decomposition. In Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/61830 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/61830

Myasnikov, V. Yu., Ivanov, E. V., & Sakanyan, E. I. (2010). Determining the kinetic characteristics of plant raw material extraction by repercolation. In Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal (Vol. 44, Issue 4, pp. 202–204). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0432-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0432-7

Proestos, C. (2020). The Benefits of Plant Extracts for Human Health. In Foods (Vol. 9, Issue 11, p. 1653). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111653

Arya, A., Kaushik, D., Almeer, R., Bungau, S. G., Sayed, A. A., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Bhatia, S., & Mittal, V. (2022). Application of Green Technologies in Design-Based Extraction of Celastrus paniculatus (Jyotishmati) Seeds, SEM, GC-MS Analysis, and Evaluation for Memory Enhancing Potential. In Frontiers in Nutrition (Vol. 9). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.871183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.871183

Chen, X., Ding, J., Ji, D., He, S., & Ma, H. (2020). Optimization of ultrasonic‐assisted extraction conditions for bioactive components from coffee leaves using the Taguchi design and response surface methodology. In Journal of Food Science (Vol. 85, Issue 6, pp. 1742–1751). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15111

Benali, T., Jaouadi, I., Ghchime, R., El Omari, N., Harboul, K., Hammani, K., Rebezov, M., Shariati, M. A., Mubarak, M. S., Simal-Gandara, J., Zengin, G., Park, M.-N., Kim, B., Mahmud, S., Lee, L.-H., & Bouyahya, A. (2022). The Current State of Knowledge in Biological Properties of Cirsimaritin. In Antioxidants (Vol. 11, Issue 9, p. 1842). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091842

Fauchadour, D., Kolenda, F., Rouleau, L., Barré, L., & Normand, L. (2000). Peptization mechanisms of boehmite used as precursors for catalysts. In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis (pp. 453–461). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(00)80686-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(00)80686-2

Siddiqui, S. A., Bahmid, N. A., Taha, A., Abdel-Moneim, A.-M. E., Shehata, A. M., Tan, C., Kharazmi, M. S., Li, Y., Assadpour, E., Castro-Muñoz, R., & Jafari, S. M. (2022). Bioactive-loaded nanodelivery systems for the feed and drugs of livestock; purposes, techniques and applications. In Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (Vol. 308, p. 102772). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102772

Ratnayake, W. S., & Jackson, D. S. (2008). Chapter 5 Starch Gelatinization. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research (pp. 221–268). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1043-4526(08)00405-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526(08)00405-1