The heavy metals content in wild growing mushrooms from burdened Spiš area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5219/564Keywords:
Mushrooms, heavy metals, soil, food chain, mercury, midle SpišAbstract
In this work, we evaluated the rate of entry of heavy metals into the edible parts of wild mushrooms, from central Spiš area. The area is characterized by extremely high content of heavy metals particularly mercury in abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. The toxicity of heavy metals is well known and described. Known is also the ability of fungi to accumulate contaminants from substrates in which mushrooms grow. We have collected commonly consumed species of mushrooms (Russula vesca., Macrolepiota procera, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Lecinum piceinum, Boletus reticulatus). Sampling was conducted for two years 2012 and 2013. The samples taken mushrooms and substrates on which to grow, we determined heavy metal content (Cd, Pb, Cu), including total mercury content modified by atomic absorption spectrometry (AMA - 254). In the substrate, we determined the humus content and pH value. The heavy metal content in soils were evaluated according to Law no. 220/2004 Z.z The exceedance limit values of Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg was recorded. Most significantly the respective limit was recorded in soil samples in the case of mercury. The determined concentration Hg was 39.01 mg.kg-1. From the results, we evaluated the degree of ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals different kinds of fungi. We also evaluated the health safety of the consumption of these fungi on the comparison with the limit values provided in the food code of SR. We recorded a high rate of accumulation of mercury in the species Boletus reticulatus and Macrolepiota procera. For these types we recorded the most significant than allowed concentrations of mercury in mushrooms. The highest recorded concentration reached 17.64 mg.kg-1 Hg in fresh matter. The limit value was exceeded also in the case of copper. We do not recommend to increased consumption of wild mushrooms in the reference area.
Downloads
References
Čurlík, J., Ševčík, P. 1999. Geologický atlas Slovenskej republiky - pôdy. Záverečná správa. (Geological atlas of the Slovak Republik - soils. Final report). Bratislava: MŽP SK, VÚPOP, 137 p.
Falandysz, J. Gucia, M. 2008. Bioconcentration factors of mercury by Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). Environ Geochem Health, vol. 30, p. 121-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9133-5 PMid:18239997
Garcia, M. A., Alonso, J., Melgar, M. J. 2009. Lead in edible mushrooms: Levels and bioaccumulation factors. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, p. 777-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.058 PMid:19217716
Gillis, B., S., Arbieva, Z., Gavin, I., M. 2012. Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells. BMC Genomics, vol. 13, 344 p. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-344 PMid:22839698
Godt, J., Scheidig, f., Grosse-Siestrup, Ch., Esche, V., Brandenburg, P., Reich, A., Groneberg, D. A. 2006. The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. vol. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-1-22 PMid:16961932
Hronec, O., Vilček, J., Tóth, T., Andrejovský, P., Adamišin, P., Andrejovská, A., Daňová, M., Huttmanová, E., Vilimová, M., Škultéty, P., Juhśzová, M. 2008. Ťažké kovy v pôdach a rastlinách Rudniansko-gelnickej zaťaženej oblasti. (Heavy metals in soils and plants in Rudniansko-gelnicka
burdened area) Acta regionalia et enviromentalica, vol. 1, p. 24-28.
Kalač, P. 2010. Trace element contents in European species of wild growing edible mushrooms: A review for the period 2000 - 2009. Food Chemistry, vol. 122, p. 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.045
Mahmoode, A., Malik, R. 2013 Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 7,
p. 543-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.002
Melgar, M. J., Alonso, J., García, M. A. 2009. Mercury in edible mushrooms and underlying soil: Bioconcentration factors and toxicological risk, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 407, no. 20, p. 5328-5334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.001
Ordóñez, A., Álvarez, R., Loredo, J. 2013. Asturian mercury mining district (Spain) and the environment: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 20, no. 11, p. 7490-7508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1663-4 PMid:23589252
Ostos, C., Pérez-Rodríguez, F., Arroyo, B. M., Moreno-Rojas, R. 2015. Study of mercury content in wild edible mushrooms and its contribution to the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake in Spain. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 37, p. 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.04.014
Paraskevi, K. O., Panayotis, G. V., Evangelos, K. P., Kyriakos, A. R. 2007. Determination of metal content in wild edible mushroom species from regions of Greece, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 20, p. 480-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2007.02.008
Rieder, S. R., Brunner, I., Horvat, M., Jacobs, A., Frey, B. 2011. Accumulation of mercury and methylmercury by mushrooms and earthworms from forest soils. Environmental Pollution vol. 159, no. 10, p. 2861-2869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.040
Shaligram, S., Campbell, A. 2013. Toxicity of copper salts is dependent on solubility profile and cell type tested. Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 27, p. 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.026 PMid:23287045
Timoracká, M., Vollmannová, A., Ismael, D. 2011. Minerals, trace elements and flavonoids content in white and coloured kidney bean. Potravinarstvo, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 56-60. https://doi.org/10.5219/116
Tüzen, M. 2003. Determination of heavy metals in soil, mushroom and plant samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, vol. 74, p. 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-265X(03)00035-3
Zahir, F., Rizwi, S. J., Haq, S. K., Khan, R. H. 2005. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. vol. 20, p. 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.007 PMid:21783611
Závodský, D. 1991. Ochrana ovzdušia, (Protection of Atmosfere), Bratislava : SHMÚ. p. 85-87.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).