Parameters of antioxidant activity of Galega officinalis L. and Galega orientalis Lam. (Fabaceae Lindl.) plant raw material
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5219/1271Keywords:
Galega officinalis, Galega orientalis, antioxidant activity, flavonoids, phenolic acidsAbstract
The plant raw material of Galega officinalis L. (goat’s rue) and Galega orientalis Lam. (fodder galega) investigated in this study. These species are known as fodder crops with high productivity of green mass and as medicine plants. The current study was aimed to evaluate an accumulation in dry raw of selected plants the total content of phenolic acids (TPA) and flavonoids (TFC) as compounds with antioxidant activity (AA) by spectrophotometric method. AA by DPPH-method and phosphomolybdenum method (reducing power (RP)) was measured. Study of ethanolic extracts of G. officinalis showed accumulation of TPA in different organs in range from 3.65 to 15.17 mg.g-1 caffeic acid equivalent (CAE) and TFC from 10.08 to 65.75 mg.g-1 quercetin equivalent (QE), AA by DPPH-method from 6.02 to 8.45 mg.g-1 Trolox equivalent (TE) and RP of extracts by phosphomolybdenum method from 86.56 to 288.15 mg TE.g-1. In extracts of G. orientalis was identified TPA from 3.52 to 18.52 mg CAE.g-1 and TFC from 6.09 to 46.72 mg QE.g-1, antioxidant activity by DPPH-method from 6.80 to 8.48 mg TE.g-1 and antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum method from 52.52 to 188.51 mg TE.g-1. It was established that less concentration of studied compounds found in the stems for both species. It should be noted that the content of phenolic acids in the leaves was decreased and flavonoids in stems increased during vegetation for both species. Content of phenolic acids in the generative organs and flavonoids in the leaves decreased in raw of G. orientalis during vegetation. Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated very strong relations between TFC and AA by DPPH, TPA and RP, TFC and RP for G. officinalis extracts. Very strong correlation in the extracts of G. orientalis found between TFC and RP, TPA and RP. Obtained results can be used in the further biochemical and pharmacological study.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Abhati-Evari, S. H., Shokoohi, M., Abbasi, A., Rajabzade, A., Shoorei, H., Kalarestaghi, H. 2017. Protective effect of Galega officinalis extract on streptozotocin-induced kidney damage and biochemical factor in diabetic rats. Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 108-114.
Adámková, A., Kouřimská, L., Kadlecová, B. 2015. The effect of drying on antioxidant activity of selected Lamiaceae herbs. Potravinarstvo, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 252-257. https://doi.org/10.5219/474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/474
Akbarirad, H., Gohari Ardabili, A., Kazemeini, S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah, A. 2016. An overview on some of important sources of natural antioxidants. International Food Research Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 928-933.
Samanta, A., Das, G., Das, S. K. 2011. Roles of flavonoids in plants. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 12-35. Asif, M. 2015. Chemistry and antioxidant activity of plants containing some phenolic compounds. Chemistry International, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 35-52.
Baležentienė, L. 2008. Evaluation of galega suitability for cattle feeding. In Proceedings of the 22nd General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation Uppsala, Sweden 9-12 June 2008. vol. 13, Grassland Science in Europe. Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), p. 777-779. ISBN 9789185911479.
Baležentienė, L. 2009. Bioassay of phenolics accumulation and activity in fodder galega at different growth stages. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 170-181.
Baležentienė, L., Kusta, A. 2011. Biochemical impact of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) on agro-ecosystems. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, vol. 58, no. 4, p. 18-26. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.58.4.678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.58.4.678
Baležentienė, L., Spruogis, V. 2011. Experience of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) and traditional fodder grasses use for forage production in organic farm. Veterinarija ir zootechnika, vol. 56, no. 78, p. 19-26.
Brindza, J., Grygorieva, O., Klymenko, S., Vergun, O., Mareček, J., Ivanišová, E. 2019. Variation of fruits morphometric parameters and bioactive compounds of Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal germplasm collection. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5219/1019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/1019
Carocho, M., Ferreira, I. C. F. R. 2013. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, vol. 51, p. 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.021
Danilčenko, H., Dabkevičius, Z., Jarienė, E., Tarasevičienė, Ž., Televičiūtė, D., Tamošiūnas, A., Jeznach, M. 2017. The effect of stinging nettle and field horsetail extracts on the synthesis of biologically active compounds in germinated leguminous and quinoa seed. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, vol. 104, no. 4, p. 337-344. https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2017.104.043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2017.104.043
Farmakopea Polska. 1999. The Polish Farmaceutical Society. Available at: http://www.ptfarm.pl/?pid=1&language=en
Frusciante, L., Carli, P., Ercolano, M. R., Pernice, R., Di Matteo, A., Fogliano, V., Pellegrini, N. 2007. Antioxidant nutritional quality of tomato. Molecular Nutrition Food Research, vol. 51, p. 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600158
Govindaraj, M., Masilamani, P., Albert Alex, V., Bhaskaran, M. 2017. Role of antioxidant in seed quality – A review. Agricultural Reviews, vol. 38, no. 3, p. 180-190. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.v38i03.8977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.v38i03.8977
Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Larijani, B., Abdollahi, M. 2009. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 15, no. 25, 3073-3085. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3073
Horčinová Sedláčková, V., Grygorieva O., Fatrcová-Šramková, K., Vergun, O., Vinogradova, Y., Ivanišová, E., Brindza, J. 2018. The morphological and antioxidant characteristics of inflorescences within wild-growing genotypes of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 444-453. https://doi.org/10.5219/919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/919
Ignat, I., Volf, I., Popa, V. I. 2011. A critical review of methods for characterization of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chemistry, vol. 126, no. 4, p. 1821-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.026
Ivanišová, E., Grygorieva, O., Abrahamová, V., Schubertova, Z., Terentjeva, M., Brindza, J. 2017. Characterization of morphological parameters and biological activity of jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Journal of Berry Research, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 249-260. https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-170162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-170162
Khodadidi, S. 2016. Administration of Galega officinalis in experimental and clinical investigations; a narrative review. Annals of Research in Antioxidants, vol. 1, no. 1, e03. Available at: http://annresantioxidants.com/index.php/ARA/article/view/77/86
Kiselova, Y., Ivanova, D., Chervenkov, T., Gerova, D., Galunska, B., Yankova, T. 2006. Correlation between the in vitro antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of aqueous extracts from Bulgarian herbs. Phytotherapy Research, vol. 20, no. 11, p. 961-965. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1985
Kulbat, K. 2016. The role of phenolic compounds in the plant resistance. Biotechnology and Food Sciences, vol. 80, no. 2, p. 97-108. Available at: http://www.bfs.p.lodz.pl
Kumar, S., Saini, M., Kumar, V., Prakash, O., Arya, R., Rana, M., Kumar, D. 2012. Traditional medicinal plants curing diabetes: a promise for today and tomorrow. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 178-188.
Kumar, S., Sharma, S., Vasudeva, N. 2017. Review on antioxidants and evaluation procedures. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11655-017-2414-z
Lemus, I., García, R., Delvillar, E., Knop, G. 1999. Hypoglycaemic activity of four plants used in Chilean popular medicine. Phytotherapy Research, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199903)13:2<91::AID-PTR350>3.0.CO;2-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199903)13:2<91::AID-PTR350>3.0.CO;2-8
Li, X., Wu, X., Huang, L. 2009. Correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Danggui). Molecules, vol. 14, no. 12, p. 5349-5361. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125349
Luka, C. D., Adoga, G. I., Istifanus, G. 2017. Phytochemical studies of different fractions of Galega officinalis extracts and their effects on some biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2017/32145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2017/32145
Marella, S. 2017. Flavonoids – the most potent polyphenols as antidiabetic agents: an overview. Modern Approaches in Drug Designing, vol. 1, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.31031/MADD.2017.01.000513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31031/MADD.2017.01.000513
Marinova, G., Batchvarov, V. 2011. Evaluation of the methods for determination of the free radical scavenging activity by DPPH. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 11-24. Available at: https://www.agrojournal.org/17/01-02-11.pdf
Maslennikov, P. V., Chupakhina, G. N., Skrypnik, L. N. 2014. The content of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants of a Botanical Garden (Kaliningrad Oblast). Biology Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359013050105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359013050105
Meier, U. 2018. BBCH Monograph. Growth Stages of Mono- and Dicotyledonous Plants. Quedlinburg, Germany : Julius Kuhn-Institut, 204 p. ISBN-978-3-95547-071-5. https://doi.org/ DOI: 10.5073/20180906-074619
Mendelová, A., Mendel, Ľ., Czako, P., Mareček, J. 2016. Evaluation of carotenoids, polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in the sea buckthorn fruit juice. Potravinarstvo, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 59-64. https://doi.org/10.5219/551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/551
Meripõld, H., Tamm, U., Tamm, S., Võsa, T., Edesi, L. 2017. Fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) grass potential as a forage and bioenergy crop. Agronomy Research, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 1693-1699. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.17.021
Modak, M., Dixit, P., Londhe, J., Ghaskadbi, S., Devasagayam, T. P. A. 2007. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 163-173. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.40.163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.40.163
Müller, J., Heindl, A. 2006. Drying of medicinal plants. In Bogers, R. J., Cracker, L. E., Lange, D. Medicinal and aromatic plants: agricultural, commercial, ecological, legal, pharmacological and social aspects. Netherlands : Springer, p. 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5449-1_17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5449-1_17
Najafabad Morabbi, A., Jamei, R. 2014. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of plum (Prunus domestica L.) in both fresh and dried samples. Avicenna Journal Phytomedicine, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 343-353.
Pehlivan Karakaş, F., Şahin, G., Türker, A. 2016a. Enhancement of direct shoot regeneration and determination of bioactive secondary metabolites in leaves of Galega officinalis L. Turkish Journal of Biology, vol. 40, p. 1311-1319. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1603-70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1603-70
Pehlivan Karakaş, F., Turker, A. U., Karakas, A., Mshvildadze, V. 2016b. Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different extracts of Galega officinalis L. (Goat’s rue). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 751-757. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i4.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i4.12
Pehlivan Karakaş, F., Yildirim, A. B., Türker, A. 2012. Biological screening of various medicinal plant extracts for antibacterial and antitumor activities. Turkish Journal of Biology, vol. 36, no. 6, p. 641-652. https://dx.doi.org/10.3906/biy-1203-16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1203-16
Peiretti, P. G. 2009. Ensilability characteristics and silage fermentation of galega (Galega officinalis L.). Agricultural Journal, vol. 4, no.1, p. 41-45.
Peirs, C., Fabre, N., Vigor, C., Long, C., Gao, M., Fouraste, I. 2006. Triterpenoids from the aerial parts of Galega officinalis. Electron Journal of Natural Substances, vol. 1, p. 6-11.
Petrović, M. P., Stanković, M. S., Anđelković, B. S., Babić, S. Ž., Zornić, V. G., Vasiljević, S. Lj., Dajić-Stevanović, Z. P. 2016. Quality parameters and antioxidant parameters of three clover species in relation to the livestock diet. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol. 44, no. 1, p. 201-208. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110144
Pisoschi, A. M., Pop, A., Cimpeanu, C., Predoi, G. 2016. Antioxidant capacity determination in plants and plant-derived products: a review. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,36 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9130976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9130976
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguilar, M. 1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 269, no. 2, p. 337-241. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
Ravishankar, K., Kiranmayi, G. V. N., Prasad, R. Y. 2018. Comparative in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate extract (EAE), and hexane extracts (HE) of Tecoma gaudichaudi flowers. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 214-219.
Saeed, N., Khan, M. R., Shabbir, M. 2012. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 12, no. 221, 12 p. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
Sałata, A., Gruszecki, R. 2010. The quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in different parts of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) depending on growth stage of plants. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 175-181.
Sánchéz-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J. A., Saura-Calixto, F. 1999. A procedure to measure the antioxidant efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 76, no. 2, p. 270-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::AID-JSFA945>3.0.CO;2-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::AID-JSFA945>3.0.CO;2-9
Sang, S. Y., Jamharee, F., Prasad, K. N., Azlan, A., Maliki, N. 2014. Influence of drying treatment on antioxidant capacity of forage legume leaves. Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 988-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0596-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0596-5
Shafii, Z. A., Basri, M., Malek, E. A., Ismail, M. 2017. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Manilkara zapota (L.) P roen fruit extracts and its formulations for cosmeceutical application. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 29-41. Available at: http://www.imedpub.com/articles/phytochemical-and-antioxidant-properties-of-manilkara-zapota-l-p-royenfruit-extracts-and-its-formulation-for-cosmeceutical-applica.pdf
Shekhar, C. T., Anju, G. 2014. Antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging method of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. leaves. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 244-249.
Shojaee, S. S., Vahdati, A., Assaei, R., Sapehrimanesh, M. 2015. Effect of Galega officinalis leaf powder and Trigonella foenum-graecum seed powder on blood glucose levels and weight gain in a diabetes mellitus rat models. Comparative Clinical Pathology, vol. 24, p. 145-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1873-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1873-7
Shymanska, O. V., Vergun, O. M., Rakhmetov, D. B., Brindza, J. 2018a. Antiradical activity of plant extracts of Galega officinalis L. and Galega orientalis Lam. Introdukciia roslyn, vol. 78, no. 2, p. 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2229075
Shymanska, O., Vergun, O., Rakhmetov, D., Brindza, J., Ivanišová, E. 2018b. Total content of phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of Galega officinalis L. and Galega orientalis Lam. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, no. 2, p. 140-145. https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2018.2585-8246.140-145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2018.2585-8246.140-145
Shymanska, O., Vergun, O., Rakhmetov, D., Fishchenko, V. 2017. The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of Galega officinalis L. and Galega orientalis Lam. cultivars. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, no. 1, p. 398-403. https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2017.2585-8246.398-403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2017.2585-8246.398-403
Sulaiman, M., Tijani, H. I., Abubakar, B. M., Haruna, S., Hindatu, Y., Mohammed, J. N., Idris, A. 2013. An overview of natural plant antioxidants: analysis and evaluation. Advances in Biochemistry, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 64-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20130104.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20130104.12
Symanowicz, B., Kalembasa, S. 2012. Changes of calcium and magnesium content in biomass of goat’s-rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) during vegetation. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 689-698. https://dx.doi.org/10.2428/ecea.2012.19(07)068
Symanowicz, B., Kalembasa, S., Jaremko, D., Niedbała, M. 2015. Effect of nitrogen fertilization of Galega orientalis Lam. on the yield and content of K, Na, Ca and Mg in the plant and soil. Environmental Protection and Natural Resource, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2015-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2015-0004
Tatiya, U. A., Tapadiya, G. G., Kotecha, S., Surana, J. S. 2011. Effect of solvents on total phenolics, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Bridelia retusa Spreng. stem bark. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 442-447. Available at: http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13340/1/IJNPR%202%284%29%20442-447.pdf
Teleută, A., Tîtei, V., Coşman, S., Lupan, A. 2015. Forage value of the species Galega orientalis Lam. under the conditions of the Republic of Moldova. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 226-231.
Tkacheva, E. V., Vinogradova, Y. K., Pavlova, I. V. 2011. Variability of morphometric characteristics of Galega orientalis Lam. in some populations of natural and secondary ranges. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 268-272. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075111711040126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S2075111711040126
Tusevski, O., Kostovska, A., Iloska, A., Trajkovska, L., Gadzovska Simic, S. 2014. Phenolic production and antioxidant properties of some Macedonian medicinal plants. Central European Journal of Biology, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 888-900. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-014-0322-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-014-0322-1
Umashanker, M., Shruti, S. 2011. Traditional Indian herbal medicine used as antipyretic, antiulcer, anti-diabetic and anticancer: a review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 1152-1159. Available at: http://www.ijrpc.com/files/000050.pdf
Vamanu, E., Vamanu, A., Nita, S., Colceriu, S. 2011. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of Cynara scolymus (Cynarae folium, Asteraceae family). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 777-783. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v10i6.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v10i6.11
Vergun, O., Kačániová, M., Rakhmetov, D., Shymanska, O., Bondarchuk, O., Brindza, J., Ivanišová, E. 2018. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Bunias orientalis L. and Scorzonera hispanica L. ethanol extracts. Agrobiodiversity for Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, vol. 2, p. 29-38. https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2018.2585-8246.029-038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2018.2585-8246.029-038
Vergun, O., Svydenko, L., Grygorieva, O., Shymanska, O., Rakhmetov, D., Brindza, J., Ivanišová, E. 2019b. Antioxidant capacity of plant raw material of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 614-621. https://doi.org/10.5219/1090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/1090
Vergun, O. M., Shymanska, O. V., Rakhmetov, D. B. 2012. Biochemical characteristic of Galega L. species in Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Біохімічна характеристика рослин роду Galega L. в Правобережному Лісостепу України). Odesa National University Herald, vol. 17, no. 28, p. 43-50. (In Ukrainian)
Vergun, O. M., Rakhmetov, D. B., Shymanska, O. V., Rakhmetova, S. O., Fishchenko, V. V. 2019a. Antioxidant activity of seed extracts of selected forage plants. Plant Introduction, vol. 82, no. 2, p. 71-76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3241204
Wink, M. 2013. Evolution of secondary metabolites in legumes (Fabaceae). South African Journal of Botany, vol. 89, p. 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.006
Zhang, J., Yuan, K., Zhou, L. W., Zhou, J., Yang, P. 2012. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from Tridax procumbens. Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 58-62.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This license permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
