Detection of selected heavy metals and micronutrients in edible insect and their dependency on the feed using XRF spectrometry

Authors

  • Jiří­ Mlček Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin
  • Martin Adamek Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Department of Microelectronics, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno
  • Anna Adámková Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin
  • Marie Borkovcová Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Agriculture, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno
  • Martina Bednářová Mendel University in Brno, Department of Information Technology, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno
  • Josef Skácel Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Department of Microelectronics, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5219/850

Keywords:

edible insect, mealworm, superworm, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, heavy metal

Abstract

Edible insect can be a valuable source of nutrients, but also a potential source of heavy metals. Quick detection of over-limit heavy metals concentration could be a key to processing and quick distribution of edible insect products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the feed-dependent content of heavy metals in the mealworm and superworm using the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as an easy, cheap and a timeless screening method for evaluating the content of heavy metals and microelements. Using a handheld analyser the content of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were detected. Both analysed species proved dependency of metal content on a feed. Detected level of Cu in mealworm was between 571 mg.kg-1 and 1768 mg.kg-1 and in superworm from 571 mg.kg-1 to 1768 mg.kg-1 based on the feed. The content of Zn was similar, between 725 mg.kg-1 and 1437 mg.kg-1 in mealworm and 555-1482 mg.kg-1 in superworm. The level of Pb was below the detection limit in all samples, thus from this point of view this food seems to be safe. On the contrary, the content of Cd in the dry matter samples was above the food limit - 147 mg.kg-1 to 230 mg.kg-1. From this point of view, the samples were evaluated as unsuitable for consuming.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C. C., Paoletti, M. G., Ricci, A. 2013. Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 296-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12014

Bukkens, G. F. 2005. Insects in the human diet: Nutritional aspects. In: Paoletti, M. G. Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. Enfield, Enfield, NH, USA : Science Publishers, p. 545-577. ISBN-13: 978‑1578083398.

Decree No. 352/2009 of 29 April 2004. September 2009, amending Decree No 225/2008 Coll., laying down the requirements for the supplements and fortification. Collection of laws (Czech Republic), 12.10.2009, 110 p.

DeFoliart, G. R. 1992. Insects as human food: Gene DeFoliart discusses some nutritional and economic aspects. Crop Protection, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 395-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(92)90020-6

DeFoliart, G. R. 2002. The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: a Bibliographic Account in Progress [online] 2002-09-29. [cit. 2017-11-19] Available at: http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/insectsasfood/the-human-use-of-insects-as-a-food-resource/#Preface/.

Devkota, B., Schmidt. G. H. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 78, no. 1, p. 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00110-3

EFSA, 2015. Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed [online] s.a. [cit. 2017-11-19] Available at https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257.

Finke, M. D. 2004. Nutrient content of insects. In Caoinera, J. L. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Heidelber, Germany : Springer, p. 1563-1575. ISBN-13: 978-0-306-48380-6.

Finke, M. D. 2015. Complete nutrient content of four species of commercially available feeder insects fed enhanced diets during growth. ZOO Biology, vol. 34, no. 6, p. 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21246 PMid:26366856

Gaylor, M. O., Harvey, E., Hale, R. C. 2012. House crickets can accumulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) directly from polyurethane foam common in consumer products. Chemosphere, vol. 86, no. 5, p. 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.014 PMid:22071374

Handley, M. A., Hall, C., Sanford, E., Diaz, E., Gonzalez-Mendez, E., Drace, K., Wilson, R., Villalobos, M., Croughan, M. 2007. Globalization, binational communities, and imported food risks: results of an outbreak investigation of lead poisoning in Monterey County, California. American journal of public health, vol. 97, no. 5, p. 900-906. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074138 PMid:17395841

Hyun, S. H., Kwon, K. H., Park, K. H., Jeong, H. C., Kwon, O., Tindwa, H., Han, Y. S. 2012. Evaluation of nutritional status of an edible grasshopper, Oxya Chinensis Formosana. Entomological Research, vol. 42, no. 5, p. 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2012.00469.x

Memon, S. Q., Hasany, S. M., Bhanger, M. I., Khuhawar, M. Y. 2005. Enrichment of Pb(II) ions using phthalic acid functionalized XAD-16 resin as a sorbent. Journal of Colloid And Interface Science, vol. 291, no. 1, p. 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.112 PMid:15963526

Menzel, P., D'Aluisio, F. 1998. Man eating bugs: the art and science of eating insects. Berkeley, USA : Ten Speed Press. 191 p. ISBN-13: 978-1580080224.

Mlcek, J., Rop, O., Borkovcova, M., Bednarova, M. 2014. A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe - A Review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 147-157. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10222-012-0099-8

Nowak, V., Persijn, D., Rittenschober, D., Charrondiere, U. R. 2016. Review of food composition data for edible insects. Food chemistry, vol. 193, no. 1, p. 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.114 PMid:26433285

Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van der Poel, A. F. B. 2011. Effects of diet on the chemical composition of migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria). Zoo Biology, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 9-16. PMid:21319208

Oymak, T., Tokalıoğlu, Ş., Yılmaz, V., Kartal, Ş., Aydın, D. 2009. Determination of lead and cadmium in food samples by the coprecipitation method. Food Chemistry, vol. 113, no. 4, p. 1314-1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.064

Paoletti, M. G. Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. Enfield, Enfield, NH, USA : Science Publishers, 662 p. ISBN-13: 978‑1578083398.

Pavlovský, J. 2014. Toxikologie (Toxicology), (Scriptum) [online] s.a. [cit. 2017-11-19] Available at: https://www.fmmi.vsb.cz/export/sites/fmmi/617/cs/ke-stazeni/Stud_opora_ModIn-Toxikologie-Jiri-Pavlovsky.pdf.

Poma, G., Cuykx, M., Amato, E., Calaprice., Focant, J.F., Covaci, A. 2017. Evaluation of hazardous chemicals in edible insects and insect-based food intended for human consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 100, p. 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.006 PMid:28007452

Ramos-Elorduy, J. 2006. Threatened edible insects in Hidalgo, Mexico and some measures to preserve them. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-51 PMid:17144918

Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. OJ L 364/5, 20.12.2006, p. 5-24.

Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001. OJ L 327, 11.12.2015, p. 1-22.

Sola, S., Bario, T., Martin, A. 1998. Cadmium and lead in pork and duck liver pastes produced in Spain. Food Additives & Contaminants, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 580-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039809374684 PMid:9829043

The Czech Society for Nutrition. 2011. Reference values for nutrient intake (Referenční hodnoty pro příjem živin). 1st ed. Praha, CZ : Výživa servis s.r.o. 192 p. ISBN‑13: 978-80-254-6987-3.

Toman, R., Golian, J., Massányi, P. 2003. Food Toxicology (Toxikológia potravín). 1st ed. Nitra : Slovak University of Agriculture. 113 p. ISBN-10: 80-8069-166-5.

Toman, R., Massányi, P., Lukác, N., Ducsay, L., Golian, J. 2005. Fertility and content of cadmium in pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) following cadmium intake in drinking water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 62, no. 1, p. 112-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.02.008 PMid:15978296

van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M. Y., van der Fels-Klerx, H. J. 2013. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 662-678. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12032

van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P. 2013. Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Rome, Italy : FAO UN, Forestry Department, 201 p. ISBN 978-92-5-107595-1.

Velíšek, J. 2002. Food Chemistry (Chemie potravin). 2nd ed. Tábor : OSSIS, 303 p. ISBN 80-86659-01-1.

Zhuang, P., Zou, H., Shu, W. 2009. Biotransfer of heavy metals along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain: field study. Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 21, no. 6, p. 849-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62351-7

Zielińska, E., Baraniak, B., Karaś, M., Rybczyńska, K., Jakubczyk, A., 2015. Selected species of edible insects as a source of nutrient composition. Food Research International, vol. 77, no. part 3, p. 460-466.

Downloads

Published

2017-12-12

How to Cite

Mlček, J. ., Adamek, M. ., Adámková, A. ., Borkovcová, M. ., Bednářová, M. ., & Skácel, J. . (2017). Detection of selected heavy metals and micronutrients in edible insect and their dependency on the feed using XRF spectrometry. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 11(1), 725–730. https://doi.org/10.5219/850

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 1 (2017): Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 > >>