Monitoring of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in adult men
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5219/1641Keywords:
cardiovascular disease, risk factor, nutrition, lipid parameter, dietary habitsAbstract
The study aims to evaluate the monitoring of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in the young population, which significantly contribute to the origin and development of cardiovascular diseases, such as peripheral artery diseases, atherosclerosis, stroke, and others. We focused on a group of young adult men (n = 110) in the age range of 30 to 50 years, which we selected from the database of 800 patients hospitalized in the Cardio Center in Nitra during 2010 – 2020. When evaluating the influence of meat products consumption frequency on biochemical parameters and BMI, we recorded a statistically significant effect at the level of p <0.05 in the evaluation of meat products such as salami, brawn, and sausages. When consuming sausages, BMI values also increased with increasing frequency of consumption. The effect on BMI was also observed when eating salami, between consuming 1 – 2 times a week and not at all. We recorded a statistically significant effect (p <0.05) in frequent consumption of brawn (1 – 2 weeks) on the level of HDL cholesterol. The most frequent fish consumption was 1 – 2 times a month for freshwater (51.8%) and marine fish (56.3%). Daily consumption of fruit was reported in 64.6% of men, while daily consumption of vegetables was recorded in only 44.6% of men. In the lifestyle assessment, we focused on probands' time spent on physical activity. Only 35.5% of men stated that they spend more than an hour a day on physical activity. 40% of men from the surveyed respondents were active smokers. Another risk factor for cardiovascular diseases is stress, which significantly affected up to 42.7% of respondents. Nutrition and lifestyle play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, which significantly affect blood lipid parameters, vascular endothelial elasticity, and factors determining the etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Abbate, M., Gallardo-Alfaro, L., Bibiloni, M. del M., Tur, J. A. 2020. Efficacy of dietary intervention or in combination with exercise on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 30, no. 7, p.1080-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.02.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.02.020
Alhassan, A., Young, J., Lean, M., Lara, J. 2017. Consumption of fish and vascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Atherosclerosis, vol. 266, p. 87-94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.028
Alwan, A. 2011. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010, World Health Organization.
American Medical Association. 2001. Executive summary of the third report (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). (n.d.). Journal of American Medical Association, vol. 285, p. 2486-2497. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
Bekkering, S., Saner, Ch., Riksen, N. P., Netea, M. G., Sabin, M. A., Saffery, R., Stienstra, R., Burgner, D. P. 2020. Trained Immunity: Linking Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease across the Life-Course? Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 5, p. 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.008
Cocate, P. G., Natali, A. J., Oliveira, A., Alfenas, R. C. G., Peluzio, M. C. G., Longo, G. Z., Santos, E. C., Buthers, J. M., Oliveira, L. L., Hermsdorff, H. H. M. 2015. Red but not white meat consumption is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation in Brazilian middle-aged men. European Jornal of Prevetive Cardiology, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487313507684 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487313507684
Dalhöf, B. 2010. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Epidemiology and Risk Assessment. The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 105, no. 1, p. 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.007
Delgado, J., Ansorena, D., Hecke, T., Astiasarán, I., Smet, S., Estévez, M. 2021. Meat lipids, NaCl and carnitine: Do they unveil the conundrum of the association between red and processed meat intake and cardiovascular diseases?_Invited Review. Meat Science, vol. 171, 108278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108278
Dzau, V. J., Antman, E. M., Black, H. R., Hayes, D. L., Manson, J. E., Plutzky, J., Popma, J. J., Stevenson, W. 2006. The cardiovascular disease continuum validated: clinical evidence of improved patient outcomes: part I: patho-physiology and clinical trial evidence (risk factors through stable coronary artery disease). Circulation, vol. 114, p. 2850-2870. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.655688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.655688
Emery, Ch. F., Stoney, C. M., Thayer, J. F., Williams, DeW. 2018. Sex and family history of cardiovascular disease influence heart rate variability during stress among healthy adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 110, p. 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.04.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.04.011
Forouzanfar, M. H., Alexander, L., Anderson, H. R., Bachman, V. F., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Casey, D., Coates, M. M., Cohen, A., Delwiche, K. et al. 2015. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, vol. 386, iss.10010, p. 2287-2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
Galiuto, L., Locorotondo, G. 2017. Cardiovascular Aging. Integrative Cardiology, p. 109-120. e Book ISBN 978-3-319-40010-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40010-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40010-5_9
Gan, Y., Tong, X., Li, L., Cao, S., Yin, X., Herath, Ch., Li, W., Jin, Z., Chen, Y., Lu, Z. 2015. Consumption of fruit and vegetable and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 183, p. 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.077
Gao, Z., Chen, Z., Sun, A., Deng, X. 2019. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices, vol. 4, 100025 .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100025
Ginty, A., Kraynak, T. E., Fisher, J. P., Gianaros, P. J. 2017. Cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity to psychological stress: Neurophysiological substrates and links to cardiovascular disease. Autonomic Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 12, p. 1086-1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2017.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2017.03.003
Hassannejad, R., Moosavian, S. P., Mohammadifard, N., Mansourian, M., Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Sarrafzadegan, N. 2021. Long term association of red meat consumption and lipid profile: A 13-year prospective population-based cohort study. Nutrition, vol. 86, 111144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111144
Juonala, M., Magnussen, C. G., Berenson, G. S., Venn, A., Burns, T. L., Sabin, M. A. et al. 2011. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 365, p. 1876-1885 https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1010112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010112
Kaneko, H., Itoh, H., Kiriyama, H., Kamon, T., Fujiu, K., Morita, K., Michihata, N., Jo, T., Takeda, N., Morita, H., Yasunaga, H., Komuro, I. 2021. Lipid Profile and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease among Young Adults Aged < 50 Years. The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 142, p. 59-65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.11.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.11.038
Kataria, N., Panda, A., Singh S., Patrikar, S., Sampath, S. 2020. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a healthy young population: Family matters. Medical Journal Armed Forces India https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.07.002
Kontogianni, M. D., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Stefanadis, C. 2008. Relationship between meat intake and the development of acute coronary syndromes: The CARDIO 2000 case – Control study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 62, p. 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602713
Kopčeková, J., Lorková, M., Habánová, M., Chlebo, P., Ferenčíková, Z., Chlebová, Z. 2015. The occurence of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and the effect of selected dietary habits on the lipid profile and body mass index. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 330-336. https://doi.org/10.5219/491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/491
Kotseva, K., De Bacquer, D., De Backer, G., Rydén, L., Jennings, C., Gyberg, V. et al. 2016. Lifestyle and risk factor management in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. A report from the European Society of Cardiology European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) IV cross-sectional survey in 14 European regions. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., vol. 23, no. 18, p. 2007-2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316667784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316667784
Kourlaba, G., Panagiotakos, D. B. 2009. Dietary quality indices and human health: A review. Maturitas, vol. 62, no. 1, p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.021
Kumar, A. 2014. Changing trends of cardiovascular risk factors among Indians: a review of emerging risks. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., vol. 4, p.1001-1008. https://doi.org/10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.201414B401
Lafarga, T., Hayes, M. 2014. Bioactive peptides from meat muscle and by-products: generation, functionality and application as functional ingredients. Meat Sci., vol. 98, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.036
Lee, M. S., Chen, C-H. 2015. Myocardial bridging: an up-to-date review. J. Invasive Cardiol., vol. 27, no. 11, p.521-528.
Lin, Ch.Y., Huang, P. Ch., Wu, Ch., Sung F. Ch., Su, T. Ch. 2020. Association between urine lead levels and cardiovascular disease risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 232, no. 1, p. 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.08.005
Liu, K., Daviglus, M. L., Loria, C. M., Colangelo, L. A., Spring, B., Moller, A. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M. 2012. Healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in middle age the coronary artery risk development in (Young) adults (Cardia) study. Circulation, vol. 125, no. 8, p. 996-1004. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.060681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060681
Nayeri, A., Middlekauff, H. 2021. Vaping Instead of Cigarette Smoking: A Panacea or Just Another Form of Cardiovascular Risk? Canadian Journal of Cardiology, vol. 37, p. 690-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.12.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.12.008
Pan, A., Lin, X., Hemler, E., Hu, F. B. 2018. Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Advances and Challenges in Population-Based Studies. Cell Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.017
Pan, L., Yang, Z., Wu, Y., Yin, R. X., Liao, Y., Wang, J., Gao, B., Zhang, L. 2016. The prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia among adults in China. Atherosclerosis, vol. 248, p. 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.006
Pase, M. P, Grima, N. A, Sarris, J. 2011. The effects of dietary and nutrient interventions on arterial stiffness: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 93, p. 446-454. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.002725 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.002725
Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Z., Verschuren, M. et al. 2012. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur. Journal of Preventive Cardiology, vol. 19, iss. 4, p. 585-667. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312450228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312450228
Piepoli, M., Hoes, A.W., Agewall, S., Albus, Ch., Brotons, C., Catapano, A.L. et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis, vol. 252, p. 207-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.037
Rhee, J. J., Kim, E., Buring, J. E., Kurth, T. 2017. Fish Consumption, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 52, no. 1, p. 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.020
Ross, R. 1999. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 340, p. 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199901143400207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901143400207
Semková, D., Pella, D. 2020. Myocardial infarction in focus: News in ESC / EAS recommendations. Compedium of Medicine, vol. 1, p. 3-5. ISSN 1336-4871.
Sheibani, H., Saberi-Karimian, M., Esmaily, H., Mouhebati, M., Reza Azarpazhooh, M., Divbands, G. et al. 2020. A comparison of body mass index and body fat percentage for predicting cardiovascular disease risk. Translational Metabolic Syndrome Research, vol. 3, p. 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmsr.2020.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmsr.2020.06.001
Schmid, A., Gille, D., Piccinali, P., Bütikofer, U. 2017. Factors predicting meat and meat products consumption among middle-aged and elderly people: evidence from a consumer survey in Switzerland. Food. Nutr. Res., vol. 61, p. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1308111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1308111
Simpson, E. J., Clark, M., Razak, A. A., Salter, A. 2019. The impact of reduced red and processed meat consumption on cardiovascular risk factors; an intervention trial in healthy volunteers. Food Funct., vol. 10, p. 6690-6698. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo00758j DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO00758J
Tarp, J., Brønd, J. Ch., Andersen, L. B., Møller, N. CH., Froberg, K., Grøntved, A. 2016. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and long-term cardiovascular risk inyoung people: A review and discussion of methodology inprospective studies. Journal of Sport and Health Science, vol. 52, no. 2, p. 145-150 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.03.004
Tisdel, D. M., Gadberry, D. P. T., Burke, S. L., Carlini, N. A., Fleenor, B. S., Campbell, M. S. 2021. Dietary Fat and Alcohol in the Prediction of Indices of Vascular Health Among Young Adults. Nutrition, vol. 84, p. 111120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111120
Tripathy, J. P., Thakur, J. S., Jeet, G., Chawla, S., Jain, S., Pal, A. et al. 2017. Burden and risk factors of dyslipidemia-results from a STEPS survey in Punjab India. Diabetes Metab Syndr, vol. 1, suppl. 1, p. S21-S27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.015
Tsai, R-Je, Lai, H-Y, Ni, Ch-F, Tsao, S-M, Lan, G-Y, Hsieh, KLi-Ch. 2018. Young adult cardiovascular diseases: a single center coronary computed tomography angiography study. Clinical Imaging, vol. 52, p. 343-349. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.09.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.09.013
Van der Pol-Harney, E., Turner, R., McCaffery, K., Bonner, C. 2020. The effects of communicating cardiovascular disease risk as 'fitness age' on behavioral intentions and psychological outcomes. Patient Education and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.12.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.12.030
Villa, A.D, Sammut, E., Nair, A., Rajani, R., Bonamini, R., Chiribiri, A. 2016. Coronary artery anomalies overview: the normal and the abnormal. World Journal of Radiology, vol. 8, no. 6, p. 537. https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i6.537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i6.537
Williamson, T. M., Moran, Ch., McLennan, A., Seidel, S., Ma, P. P., Koerner, M. L., Campbell, T. S. 2021. Promoting adherence to physical activity among individuals with cardiovascular disease using behavioral counseling: A theory and research-based primer for health care professionals. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease, vol. 64, p. 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.007
Wright, C., O’Donnell, K., Brydon, L., Wardle, J., Steptoe, A. 2007. Family history of cardiovascular disease is associated with cardiovascular responses to stress in healthy young men and womwn. International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.11.005
Xing, L., Jing, L., Tian, Y., Yan, H., Zhang, B., Sun, Q., Dai, D., Shi, L., Liu, D., Yang, Z., Liu, S. 2020. Epidemiology of dyslipidemia and associated cardiovascular risk factors in northeast China: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 30, no. 12, p. 2262-2270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.032
Yu, E., Malik, V. S., Hu, F. B. 2018. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Diet Modification: JACC Health Promotion Series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 72, no. 8, p. 914-926 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.085
Zheng, H., Echave, P., Mehta, N., Myrskylä, M. 2021. Life-long body mass index trajectories and mortality in two generations. Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 56, p. 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.01.003
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
