The study aims to evaluate the monitoring of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in the young population, which significantly contribute to the origin and development of cardiovascular diseases, such as peripheral artery diseases, atherosclerosis, stroke, and others. We focused on a group of young adult men (n = 110) in the age range of 30 to 50 years, which we selected from the database of 800 patients hospitalized in the Cardio Center in Nitra during 2010 – 2020. When evaluating the influence of meat products consumption frequency on biochemical parameters and BMI, we recorded a statistically significant effect at the level of
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases constituting all conditions that affect the heart and the associated blood vessels, and it is currently the leading cause of death (
Behaviors in young adulthood such as smoking, physical activity, and diet have a significant impact on lifespan and middle-aged cardiovascular health. Approximately 80% of premature CVD deaths could be prevented through regulation of these behaviors (
Dyslipidemia is a major modifiable contributor to cardiovascular diseases (
This study aims to evaluate the monitoring of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in young adult men, which significantly contribute to the origin and development of cardiovascular diseases, such as peripheral artery diseases, atherosclerosis, stroke, and others.
We evaluated to influence of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases on lipid profile and BMI of adult men in productive age. We focused on a group of adult men (n = 110) in the age range of 30 to 50 years, which we selected from the database of 800 patients hospitalized in the Cardio Center Nitra during the years 2010 – 2020. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Specialized Hospital St. Zoerardus Zobor (protocol number 10.6.2014). Selected respondents have either overcome the myocardial infarction or were diagnosed with angina pectoris and hospitalized after a procedure so-called catheterization. We used the questionnaire method for the detection of dietary habits and lifestyle of respondents. The questionnaire was applied individually by a single interviewer and was compiled by the Department of Human Nutrition. The questionnaire included questions concerning the sociodemographic situation of the subjects, anthropometric parameters, physical activity, smoking, and the impact of stress in their lives. The questions concerning the analysis of selected dietary habits were focused on the number of the consumed meals, their regularity, and the eating frequency of selected groups of food products. Data collection was carried out simultaneously with a somatometric and biochemical examination of the respondents ensured by the Cardio Center Nitra. The lipid profile in blood serum was measured by automatic biochemical analyzer BioMajesty® JCA-BM6010/C (DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH). The following parameters were evaluated: total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TG) because these parameters are considered to be one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The anthropometric parameters - body weight (kg) and height (cm) were measured on outpatient electronic medical scales (Tanita WB-3000, Tanita Co., Tokyo, Japan). The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the body weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters.
Statistical analysis was carried out using the program Statistica Cz version 10 (TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA) and MS Excel 2010. Data were expressed in figures as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and statistical comparisons between groups were made utilizing one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Significance was accepted when
From the group of adult men, 110 patients met the required criteria with a mean age of 43.94 ±5.9 years. From the obtained individual values, we calculated the basic characteristics of males (Table
Basic characteristics of study participants.
Characteristic | category | % | Characteristic | category | % |
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30 – 34 | 10.9 | basic | 5.4 | ||
35 – 39 | 14.6 | apprenticeship | 18.2 | ||
40 – 44 | 12.7 | graduation | 59.1 | ||
45 – 50 | 61.8 | 17.3 | |||
<18.5 | 2.7 | 61.9 | |||
18.5 – 24.9 | 16.4 | 35.6 | |||
25 – 29.9 | 39.1 | single | 2.5 | ||
≥ 30 | 41.8 |
The body mass index BMI is one of the easiest indices obtained and is one of the most commonly used methods to determine adiposity associated with risk factors CVD (
A study to examine the relationship between lipid profile and incidence of CVD in young adults is associated with high, low LDL cholesterol levels HDL cholesterol levels, and high levels of triacylglycerols with an increased incidence of heart failure.
The accumulation of triacylglycerols in cardiac muscle tissue may induce lipotoxic cardiomyopathy and cardiac steatosis. The latest recommendations emphasize the importance of early screening for lipid profile in young people because cumulative exposure to dyslipidemia in adolescence increases the future risk of CVD (
Basic characteristics of biochemical parameters of study participants.
Parameters | Average ± SD | Min | Max |
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GLU (mmol.L-1) | 6.34±1.7 | 4.26 | 12.31 |
TC (mmol.L-1) | 4.73±1.2 | 1.99 | 6.94 |
HDL-C (mmol.L-1) | 1.45±0.4 | 0.55 | 2.44 |
LDL-C (mmol.L-1) | 2.95±0.9 | 1.04 | 4.47 |
TG (mmol.L-1) | 1.71±0.9 | 0.43 | 5.78 |
Note: SD – standard deviation; Min – minimum value; Max – maximum value; TC – total cholesterol; (LDL-C) – LDL cholesterol; (HDL-C) – HDL cholesterol; TG – triglycerides; GLU – glucose.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be thought of as a continuum that begins with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and proceeds via the progressive vascular disease to target organ damage, end-organ failure, and death (
Current epidemiologic predictions show that the world is heading for a vascular tsunami of pandemic proportions. The number of people at high risk from cardio-vascular disease is increasing (
Table
Incidence of risk factors of study participants.
Risks factors | % | Risks factors | % |
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BMI ≥25 (kg.m-2) | 79.1 | TC ≥5.2 (mmol.L-1) | 40.9 |
Smoker | 40.9 | HDL-C <1.0 (mmol.L-1) | 40.9 |
Physical activity <30 min/day | 25.2 | TG ≥1,7(mmol.L-1) | 46.4 |
Positive family history of CVD | 40 | GLU ≥5.6 (mmol.L-1) | 62.7 |
Stres | 42.7 | Blood pressure > 130/85 mmHg | 61.6 |
Among the various foods, meat plays a key role in human diets, since it is the richest source of proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and other micronutrients (
The most preferred meat in the monitored group of probands was poultry meat, which consumes 70% of participants 1 – 2 times a week and 30% of participants 3 – 4 times a week (Figure
Percentages of consumption frequencies meat of probands.
Our results show, that in the evaluation of the influence of the frequency of consumption of meat products on biochemical parameters and BMI, we recorded a statistically significant effect at the level of
Effect of the frequency of consumption of selected processed meat on lipid profil and BMI of probands.
Sausage | GLU mmol.L-1 | TC mmol.L-1 | HDL-C mmol.L-1 | LDL-C mmol.L-1 | TG mmol.l-1 | BMI kg.m-2 |
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1-2 times per week | 6.3 ±1.5 | 4.6 ±0.4 | 1.2 ±0,4 | 2.8 ±1,0 | 1.5 ±0,8 | 20 ±8.3a |
1-2 times per mounth | 6.2 ±1.4 | 4.8 ±1.2 | 1.1 ±0,3 | 3.0 ±0,9 | 1.9 ±1,0 | 29.3 ±4.5b |
no consume | 6.7 ±2.1 | 4.8 ±1.2 | 1.0 ±0,3 | 3.0 ±0,9 | 1.8 ±0,8 | 33.1 ±4.9c |
p-value | ||||||
1-2 times per week | 6.4 ±1.8 | 4.8 ±1.3 | 1.2 ±0.4 | 2.9 ±1.0 | 1.9 ±0.9 | 30.7 ±7.5a |
1-2 times per mounth | 6.5 ±2.0 | 4.5 ±1.1 | 1.1 ±0.3 | 2.9 ±0.8 | 1.5 ±0.8 | 28.5 ±4.0 |
no consume | 5.9 ±0.8 | 4.7 ±1.0 | 1.2 ±0.3 | 3.0 ±0.9 | 1.2 ±0.6 | 28.3 ±6.1b |
p-value | ||||||
1-2 times per week | 7.4 ±2.6a | 4.5 ±1 | 0.9 ±1.3a | 3.0 ±0.9 | 1.7 ±0.7 | 30.2 ±6.5 |
1-2 times per mounth | 6.0 ±1.4b | 4.6 ±1.1 | 1.1 ±0.3 | 2.8 ±0.9 | 1.7 ±1.0 | 30.3 ±7.3 |
no consume | 6.5 ±1.5 | 5.1 ±1.4 | 1.3 ±0.5b | 3.2 ±1.0 | 1.8 ±0.8 | 29 ±6.1 |
p-value |
Note: SD – standard deviation; TC – total cholesterol; (LDL-C) – LDL cholesterol; (HDL-C) – HDL cholesterol; TG – triglycerides; a Significant difference between 1-2 times/week and 1-2 times/mounth, b Significant difference between 1-2 times/mounth and no consume, c Significant difference between 1-2 times/ week and no consume.
Over the last few decades, the nutritional benefits of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular health have garnered great public health attention. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may prevent CVD by rendering antiarrhythmic effects and reduced blood viscosity, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lowering blood viscosity, suppressing inflammation, improving blood vessel function reducing plasma fibrinogen and insulin resistance (
Figure
Percentages of consumption frequencies fish of probands.
Many studies have shown a positive effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on some risk factors for CVD, such as lipid concentrations, inflammatory markers, and blood pressure (
In the lifestyle of the probands, we focused on their physical activity, smoking, stress factors, and sleep. Current physical activity guidelines for the secondary prevention of CVD prescribe at least 6500 – 8500 steps per day and 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training per week, spread over at least five days (
We found that only 35.5% of men engage in physical activity for more than an hour a day. 18.2% of men perform 30 – 60 min. physical activity a day, 20.5% only 15 – 30 min. a day, and 20.9% of men do not engage in any physical activity. The effect of the frequency of physical activity on the lipid profile and BMI of study participants is shown in Table
Effect of the frequency of physical activity on lipid profil and BMI of probands.
GLU mmol.L-1 | TC mmol.L-1 | HDL-C mmol.L-1 | LDL-C mmol.L-1 | TG mmol.l-1 | BMI kg.m-2 | |
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15-30 minutes per day | 6.65 | 4.40 | 1.01 | 2.70 | 1.65 | 32.20 |
30-60 minutes per day | 6.74 | 4.26 | 1.06 | 2.60 | 1.57 | 30.31 |
>60 minutes per day | 6.32 | 5.05 | 1.28a | 3.17 | 1.80 | 27.80a |
no physical activity | 5.73 | 4.95 | 1.15 | 3.17 | 1.76 | |
p-value |
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Note: SD – standard deviation; TC – total cholesterol; (LDL-C) – LDL cholesterol; (HDL-C) – HDL cholesterol; TG – triglycerides; aSignificant difference between 15-30 minutes/day and >60 minutes/day.
According to
Another risk factor for cardiovascular diseases is stress, which significantly affected up to 42.7% of probands. Psychologically stressful experiences evoke changes in cardiovascular physiology that may influence risk for cardiovascular disease (
Nutrition and lifestyle play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, which significantly affect blood lipid parameters and factors determining the etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Men aged 30- 50 are often an underestimated group in cardiovascular disease because cardiovascular disease is most common in the elderly. From the point of view of the effect of risk factors on CVD, it is important to focus on early intervention in lifestyle changes of the young population to reduce the effect of these factors. The sooner the effect of risk factors can be reduced or eliminated, the lower the risk of CVD. In preventing CVD, we evaluated several risk factors, whose impact has been confirmed by many studies.
This paper was supported by the research projects of KEGA 004SPU-4/2019, VEGA 1/0159/21, and the Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure for the project: Long-term strategic research of prevention, intervention, and mechanisms of obesity and its comorbidities, IMTS: 313011V344, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.