Consumption of food in the EU by the degree of urbanization: data visualization and cluster analysis of the EU sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5219/1282Keywords:
city, suburb, rural area, cluster analysis, COICOPAbstract
This paper examines the consumption of one of the COICOP classes – food and non-alcoholic beverages – by the degree of urbanization on the sample of EU countries in three periods – 2005, 2010, and 2015. The share of this class in total consumption of cities, towns, and suburbs and rural areas presents the second largest item of the total consumption of all structures in question. They examined the key variable creates an input to the analysis stated in the paper. First, the data visualization is realized by creating maps of scaled consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages in cities, towns, and suburbs and rural areas in the three periods – 2005, 2010, and 2015. The spatial distribution of data shows, that higher shares of consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages are obtained in CEE and southern countries in all structures and all periods. Considering that consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages is negatively correlated with GDP per capita or household expenditure per capita it is possible to conclude that countries with lower levels of GDP per capita spend more on goods of daily use. Second, based on k-means clustering, cluster analysis is stated. Similarities between EU countries in the consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages by the degree of urbanization and with respect to socio-economic conditions are investigated. Clusters are made for all three monitored periods. In 2005 and 2010 five clusters were identified, in 2015 their number has been reduced to four. Similarities between EU countries in the consumption of food and non-alcoholic beverages by the degree of urbanization change through time. The delayed effect of the financial crisis may explain observed changes. The obvious relocation of countries is evident when comparing clusters in the period 2010 and 2015. Besides it, the most stabile cluster is the cluster, which contains core EU countries.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Balk, D., Leyk, S., Jones, B., Montgomery, M. R., Clark, A. 2018. Understanding Urbanization: A Study of Census and Satellite-Derived Urban Classes in the United States, 1990-2010. PLOS ONE, vol. 13, no. 12, p. e0208487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208487
Batty, M. 2011. Cities, Prosperity, and the Importance of Being Large. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 38, no. 3, p. 385-387. https://doi.org/10.1068/b3803ed DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/b3803ed
Batty, M. 2013. The New Science of Cities. Cambridge Massachusetts and London England : The MIT Press. 496 p. ISBN 978-0-262-01952-1.
Bertinelli, L., Black, D. 2004. Urbanization and Growth. Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 56, no. 1, p. 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.003
Borck, R., Pflüger, M. 2019. Green Cities? Urbanization, Trade, and the Environment. Journal of Regional Science, vol. 59, no. 4, p. 743-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12423
Chen, M., Zhang, H., Liu, W., Zhang, W. 2014. The Global Pattern of Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Three Decades. PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 8, p. e103799. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103799
Dudek, H., Koszela, G. 2013. Comparison of Households´ Expenditures Structures in Selected Countries of European Union. Acta Scientarium Polonorum Oeconomia, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 5-15, Available at: http://acta_oeconomia.sggw.pl/pdf/Acta_Oeconomia_12_3_2013.pdf
Enyedi, G. 1990. Specific Urbanization in East-Central Europe. Geoforum, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(90)90035-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(90)90035-5
European Commission. 2019a. Eurostat. General and Regional Statitics. Living Conditions and Welfare. Structure of Consumption Expenditure by Degree of Urbanisation and COICOP Consumption Purpose.
European Commission. 2019b. Continuing Urbanization. Availbale at: https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/foresight/topic/continuing-urbanisation_en
European Commission. 2019c. Eurostat. Final Consumption Expenditure of Households by Consumption Purpose (COICOP 3 digit).
European Commission. 2019d. Eurostat. Economy and Finance.
European Commission. 2019e. Eurostat. Population and Social Conditions.
EFSA. 2019. The EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/data/food-consumption-data
Haase, D., Kabisch, N., Haase, A. 2013. Endless Urban Growth? On the Mismatch of Population, Household and Urban Land Area Growth and its Effects on the Urban Debate. PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 6, p. e66531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066531
James, W. H. M., Lomax, N., Birkin, M. 2019. Local Level Estimates of Food, Drink and Tobacco Expenditure for Great Britain. Scientific Data, vol. 6, 14 p. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0064-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0064-z
Jedwab, R., Christiaensen, L., Gindelsky, M. 2017. Demography, Urbanization and Development: Rural Push, Urban Pull and... Urban Push? Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 98, p. 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.09.002
Kabisch, N., Haase, D. 2011. Diversifying European Agglomerations: Evidence of Urban Population Trends for the 21st Century. Population, Space and Place, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 236-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.600
Le Donne, C., Piccinelli, R., Sette, S., Leclerq, C. 2011. Overview of Existing European Food Consumption Databases: Critical Aspects in Relation to their Use for the Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Additives, Flavourings and Residues of Food Contact Materials. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 121-132. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2010.513679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2010.513679
MacQueen, J. B. 1967. Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations. In Proc. 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, vol. 1, Berkeley, US : University of California, p. 281-297. Available at: https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsmsp/1200512992
Marlier, M. E., Jina, A. S., Kinney, P. L., DeFries, R. S. 2016. Extreme Air Pollution in Global Megacities. Current Climate Change Reports, vol. 2, p. 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0032-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0032-z
Patacchini, E., Zenou, Y., Henderson, J. V., Epple, D. 2009. Urban Sprawl in Europe. Washington, US : Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, p. 125-149. Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/25609561
Poelhekke, S. 2011. Urban Growth and Uninsured Rural Risk: Booming Towns in Bust Times. Journal of Development Economics, vol. 96, no. 2, p. 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.07.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.07.007
R Development Core Team. 2019. The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available at: https://www.r-project.org/
Raheem, I. D., Ogebe, J. O. 2017. CO2 Emissions, Urbanization and Industrialization: Evidence from a direct and indirect heterogenous panel analysis, Management of Environmental Quality, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 851-867. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2015-0177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2015-0177
Rokach, L., Maimon, O. 2005. Clustering Methods. In Maimon, O., Rokach, L. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook. Boston, US: Springer, p. 321-352. ISBN 978-0-387-24435-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25465-X_15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25465-X_15
Řezánková, H., Húsek, D., Snášel, V. 2009. Shluková analýza dat (Cluster Analysis). 2nd extended edition. Prague, Czech republic : Proffesional Publishing. (In Czech) ISBN 978-80-86946-81-8.
Stankovičová, I., Vojtková, M. 2007. Viacrozmerné štatistické metódy s aplikáciami (Multivariate Statistical Methods with Applications). Bratislava, Slovak republic : Wolters Kluwer, Iura Edition. (In Slovak) ISBN 978-80-8078-152-1.
Trail, B. 1998. Trends in Food Consumption in the European Union: Towards a Euro Diet? In Paillotin, G. European Agricultural Research in the 21st Century, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, p. 14-19. ISBN 978-3-662-03694-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03692-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03692-1_2
Yap, L. Y. L. 1977. The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature. Journal of Development Economics, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 239-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(77)90030-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(77)90030-X
Yazdi, S. K., Dariani, A. G. 2019. CO2 Emissions, Urbanisation and Economic Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries, Economic Research- Ekonomska Istraživanja, vol. 32, no. 1, p. 510-530. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1556107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1556107
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This license permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
