Welfare of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) breeding with regard to nutrition value and food safety
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5219/779Keywords:
welfare, Tenebrio molitor, nutritional stress, way of killing, heavy metalAbstract
Livestock welfare is an important condition for obtaining high-quality and safe food. According to the legislation edible insects are classified as livestock; and for this reason it is necessary to comply with the edible insect welfare conditions. This article focuses on selected welfare conditions for mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) breeding, with special focus on the fat content influenced by different breeding temperature (17 °C, 23 °C and 28 °C). Maximum fat content 24.56% was observed at 23 °C. To obtain maximum fat content this appears to be the optimal breeding temperature. Another evaluated aspect was the nutritional stress and a way of killing, and their impact on fat content, which showed to decrease with the nutrient stress. The most decline was detected towards the end of the observation period. The analysis showed that in terms of preservation of the fat content, the best way is killing by freezing, due to the metabolism slowdown. We also analysed the content of heavy metals in a mealworm larvae using cyclic voltammetry with subsequent evaluation. In the measured sample concentrations of heavy metals did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration of heavy metals in this commodity. From this point of view mealworm appears to be a safe food.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Angelovičová, M., Polačková, D. 2015. Assessment of welfare and egg production of laying hens Moravia SSL in small-scale breeding. Potravinarstvo, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 365-374. https://doi.org/10.5219/514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/514
Broom, D. M., 1986. Indicators of poor welfare. British Veterinary Journal, vol. 142, no. 6, p. 524-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(86)90109-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(86)90109-0
Doležal, O., Bílek, M., Dolejš, J. 2004. Principles of welfare and new EU standards in cattle breeding (Zásady welfare a nové standardy EU v chovu skotu). Praha, Czech Republic : Výzkumný ústav živočišné výroby. 70 p. ISBN: 9788086454511.
Drdák, M. 1989. Technológia rastlinných neúdržných potravín. (Technology of plant perishable food) Bratislava, Slovakia : ALFA. 301 p. ISBN 80-05-00121-5.
Dussutour, A., Poissonnier, L. A., Buhl, J., Simpson, S. J. 2016. Resistance to nutritional stress in ants: when being fat is advantageous. Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 219, p. 824-833. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.136234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.136234
EFSA, 2015. Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA Journal, vol. 13, no. 10, 60 p. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4257
Eisemann, C. H., Jorgensen, W. K., Merritt, D. J, Rice, M. J., Cribb, B. W, Webb, P. D., Zalucki, M. P. 1984. Do insects feel pain? A biological view. Experientia, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 164-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01963580 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01963580
Erens, J., van Es, S., Haverkort, F., Kapsomenou, E., Luijben, A. 2012. A bug's life: largescale insect rearing in relation to animal welfare [online] s.a. [cit. 2017-02-28]. Available at: http://venik.nl/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Rapport-Large-scale-insect-rearing-in-relation-to-animal-welfare.pdf.
Horniaková, E., Bíro, D., Pajtáš, M., Gálik, B., Šimko, M., Juráček M., Rolinec M. 2010. Basics of nutrition (Základy výživy) 1st ed. Nitra, Slovakia : Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita, 137 p. ISBN 978-80-552-0446-8.
Hůrka, K. 2005. Beetles of Czech and Slovak Republic (Brouci České a Slovenské republiky). 1st ed. Zlín, Czech Republic : Klabourek. 390 p. ISBN 8086447111.
Chovancová, H., Omelka, R., Boboňová, I., Formicki, G., Toman, R., Martiniaková, M. 2014. Bone adaptation to simultaneous cadmium and diazinon toxicity in adult male rats. Potravinarstvo, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 107-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/343
Katayama, N., Ishikawa, Y., Takaoki, M., Yamashita, M., Nakayama, S., Kiguchi, K., Kok, R., Wada, H., Mitsuhashi, J. 2008. Entomophagy: A key to space agriculture. Advances in Space Research, vol. 41, no. 5, p. 701-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.01.027
Kim, S. Y., Park, J. B., Lee, Y. B., Yoon, H. J., Lee, Y., Kim N. J. 2015. Growth characteristics of mealworm Tenebrio molitor, Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.7852/jses.2015.53.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7852/jses.2015.53.1.1
Li, L. Y., Zhao, Z. R., Liu, H. 2013. Feasibility of feeding yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) in bioregenerative life support systems as a source of animal protein for humans. Acta Astronautica, vol. 92, no. 1, p. 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.03.012
Lukáčová, A., Golian, J., Massányi, P., Formicki, G. 2014. Lead concentration in meat and meat products of different origin. Potravinarstvo, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 43-47. https://doi.org/10.5219/334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/334
Nation, J. L. 2015. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press. 690 p. ISBN 1482247607, 9781482247602.
Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van der Poel, A. F. B. 2011. Effects of diet on the chemical composition of migratory locusts (Locustamigratoria). Zoo Biology, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20308
Park, J. B., Choi, W. H., Kim, S. H., Jin, H. J., Han, Y. S., Lee, Y. S., Kim, N. J. 2015. Developmental characteristics of Tenebrio molitor larvae (Coloptera: Tenebrionidae) in different instars. International Journal of Industrial Entomology, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 5-9. https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2014.28.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2014.28.1.5
Poma, G., Cuykx, M., Amato, E., Calaprice., Focant, J. F., Covaci, A. 2017. Evaluation of hazardous chemicals in edible insects and insect-based food intended for human consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 100, p. 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.006
Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No. 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation). OJ L 300, 21.10.2009, p. 1-33.
Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.. OJ L 364/5, 20.12.2006, p. 5-24.
Schroeckenstein, D. C., Meier-Davis, S., Bush, R. K. 1990. Occupational sensitivity to Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (yellow mealworm). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 86, no. 2, p. 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80064-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80064-8
Simpson, S. J., Raubenheimer, D. 2012. The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework from animal adaptation to human obesity. New Jersey, NY : Princeton University Press. 239 p. ISBN 9780691145655. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400842803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.001.0001
Soxhlet, F. 1879. Die gewichts analytische Bestimmung des Milch fettes. Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 232, p. 461-465.
van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P. 2013. Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Rome, Italy : FAO UN, Forestry Department, 201 p.
Veldkamp, T., van Duinkerken, G., van Huis, A., Lakemond, C. M. M., Ottevanger, E., Bosh, G., van Boekel, T. 2012. Insects as a sustainable feed ingredient in a pig poultry diets: a feasibility study. Lelystad : Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 48 p.
Wang, H. C., Liao, H. Y., Chen, H. L. 2012. Tenebrio small-scale ecological farming feasibility study. In Advanced Materials Research, International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2011). Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland : TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD. pp 267-270. ISBN:978-3-03785-267-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.356-360.267
Webster, J. 2016. Animal Welfare: Freedoms, Dominions and "A Life Worth Living". Animals, vol. 6, no. 35, p. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6060035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6060035
Wu, S. X., Lin, M. T., Li, M. Y., Tang, X. K. 2009. Determination of some important technique parameters in the course of breeding Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Economic Animal, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 28-31.
Xu, S. C., Gu, M. Z., Liu, X. W., Yang, L. L. 2012. Experimental Population Life Table of Tenebrio molitor at Different Temperatures. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, vol. 3., p. 024.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This license permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
