The relationship of heavy metals contents in soils to their content in legume seeds used in famous traditional food in kurdistan region-iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5219/663Keywords:
cowpea, heavy metals, soil, traditional foodAbstract
In this work the level of risk heavy metals contents in Cowpea seeds comparison with heavy metal content in soil was studied. For the experiment three cowpea cultivars (brown, red, white) were used. Cowpeas were harvested at full ripeness in Kalak location in Erbil city. The flame AAS (AAS Varian AA Spectr. DUO 240 FS/240Z/UltrAA) was used for the determination of heavy metal contents in soil and plant materials. The soil which cultivated Cowpea, characterized neutral to slit alkali, with a typical content of cations K, Mg and P. Beans and the seeds of faba bean, cowpea and chickpeas boiled with salt eaten in the form of Lablabe, traditionly used heavy sweets such as knafa. Ful, which is fava beans cooked with chickpeas (garbanzo beans) or make soup from fresh cowpea, fresh faba bean, fresh fasoulia, as well as lentil soup (shorbat adas) and different kinds of salad after boiled. Cowpea grain legumes occupy an important place in human nutrition, especially in the dietary pattern of low income groups of people in developing countries. The level risk heavy metal contents in the soil determined was only Cd content was on the level of limit value given for the soil extract by aqua regia as well as Co content was higher than the limit value given for the relationship between soil and plant. All of determined values were lower than critical value extracted by NH4NO3 only the maximal available soil content of mobile Pb forms was exceeded but cowpea accumulated seeds in amounts the risky elements contents, with the exception of Ni, did not exceed limit for the maximum levels of chosen risk elements in studied legume. The content of the metals studied with the exception of cadmium, not exceed the maximum permissible value in legumes, as defined in the Codex Alimentarius. The aim of this research, to study or determine the content of risky heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd) in the soil and their relationship in selected varieties cowpea seeds cultivar. Faba bean and Fresh bean with tomatoes uses for preparing soup, or a popular snack eaten on boiled and roasted in oil with egg or onion, other legume seeds broad bean, fababean, lentil, pea, chickpea used for different traditional foods in Iraq.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Atta Aly, M. A. 1999. Effect of nickel addition on the yield and quality of parsley leaves. Scientia Horticulturae, vol. 82, no. 1-2, p. 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00032-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00032-1
Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D., McGrath, S. P. 1991. In situ decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants-a feasibility study. In Hinchee R. E., Olfenbuttel, R. F. (Eds.). In Situ Bioreclamation. Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham MA, USA, p. 539-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-9301-1.50049-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-9301-1.50049-4
Beninger, C. W., Hosfield, G. L. 2003. Antioxidant activity of extracts, condensed tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed coat color genotypes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 27, p. 7879-7883. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0304324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0304324
Brown, P. H., Welch, R. M., Madison, J. T. 1990. Effect of nickel deficiency on soluble anion, amino acid, and nitrogen levels in barley. Plant Soil, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010740
Brown, L., Griffin, P., Hagerman, R., Zmijewski, M. 1987. Security analyst superiority relative to univariate time-series models in forecasting quarterly earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(87)90017-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(87)90017-6
Cardador-Martinez, A. Loacra-pina, G. Oomah, B. D. 2002. Antioxidant activity in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agricurtural and Food Chemistry, vol. 50, no. 24, p. 6975-6980. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020296n DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020296n
Chang, S. Tan., CH. Frankel, E. N., Barret, D. M. 2000. Low-density lipoprotein antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and polyphenol oxidase activity in selected clingstone peach cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 48, no. 2, p. 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9904564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9904564
PMid:10691607
Chillo, S., Laverse, J., Falcone, P., Protopapa, M., Del Nobile, A. 2008. Influence of the addition of buckwheat flour and durum wheat bran on spaghetti quality. Journal of Cereal Science, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.03.004
Cimboláková I., Nováková J. 2009. Heavy metals - the important element of the food chain. Potravinarstvo, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 14-16. Available at: http://www.potravinarstvo.com/dokumenty/potravinarstvo_no3_2009.pdf
Codex Alimentarius. 2004. Slovak decree of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Ministry of Health of 15 March 2004 no. 608/3/2004-100, issuing the chapter of the Slovak Republic Foodstuffs Code governing contaminants in food. (Výnos Ministerstva pôdohospodárstva Slovenskej republiky a Ministerstva zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky z 15. marca 2004 č. 608/3/2004-100, ktorým sa vydáva hlava Potravinového kódexu Slovenskej republiky upravujúca kontaminanty v potravinách).
Das A. 1990. Metal ion induced toxicity and detoxification by chelation therapy. 1st ed. A text book on medical aspects of bioinorganic chemistry, CBS : Delhi, p. 17-58.
Decision of the Ministry of Agriculture SR No. 531/1994 - 540 about the maximum permitted levels of hazardous substances in the soil. Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic, Bulletin, Vol. XXVI, item I, decision 3, No. 531/1994 (Rozhodnutie o najvyšších prípustných hodnotách rizikových látok v pôde. Ministerstvo pôdohospodárstva SR, Vestník, roč. XXVI, čiastka I., rozhodnutie 3, číslo 531/1994).
Dinelli, A., Bonetti, M., Minelli, I., Marotti, P. 2006. Content of flavonols in Italian bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ecotypes. Food Chemistry, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.028
EL-Sokkary, I. H. and Sharaf, A. I. 1996. Enrichment of soils and plants irrigated by wastewater by zinc and cadmium. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 36, no. 1-4, p. 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.030
Food codex, 2004. Slovak decree of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Ministry of Health of 15 March 2004 No. 608/3/2004 - 100, issuing the chapter Slovak Republic Foodstuffs Code governing contaminants in food (Výnos Ministerstva Pôdohospodárstva Slovenskej republiky a Ministerstva Zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky z 15. marca 2004 No. 608/3/2004 - 100, ktorým sa vydáva hlava Potravinového Kódexu Slovenskej republiky upravujúca kontaminanty v potravinách).
Fratianni, F., Cardinalea, F., Cozzolinoa, A, Granesea, T. 2014. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of different grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), lentils (Lens culinaris), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) ecotypes of the Campania region (Southern Italy). Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 7, p. 551-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.030
Gadd, G. M., 1992. Metals and microorganisms: a problem of definition. FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 100, no. 1-3, p. 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05703.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05703.x
Gençcelep, H., Uzun, Y., Tun, Çtűrk, Y., Demirel, K. 2009. Determination of mineral content of wild-grown edible mushrooms. Food Chemistry, vol. 133, no. 4, p. 1033-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.058
Giller, K. E., Witter, E. Mcgrath, S. P. 1998. Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial process in agricultural soils: a review. Soil Bioogy and Biochemistry, vol. 30, p. 1389-1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00270-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00270-8
Graham, C. G., Cordano, A. 1976. Copper deficiency in human subjects. In Prasad, A. S., Oberleas, D. (Eds.) Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease: Zinc and Copper, vol. 1. New York : Academic Press, p. 363.
Haciseferoğullari, H., Gezer I., Bahtiyarca, Y., Mengeş, H. C. O. 2003. Determination of some chemical and physical properties of Sakiz faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. major). Journal of Food engineering, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 475-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00075-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00075-X
Hicsonmez, U., Ozdemir, C., Cam, S., Ozdemir, A., Serap, Erees, F. 2012. Major-minor element analysis in some plant seeds consumed as feed in Turkey. Natural Science, vol. 4, no. 5, p. 298-303. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.45042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.45042
IARC, 1993. Cadmium and cadmium compounds. In: Beryllium, cadmium, mercury and exposure in the glass manufacturing industry. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, vol. 58. p. 119-237.
Ismael S. D. Vollmannová A., Timoracká, M. 2013. Risk of enhanced heavy metal contents in fresh fababean used in traditional food preparation in Iraq. Potravinarstvo, vol. 7, Special no., p. 29-32. Available at: http://www.potravinarstvo.com/dokumenty/mc_march_2013/chemicka_bezpecnost_potravin/dalaram.pdf
Itanna, F. 2002. Metals in leafy vegetables grown in Addis Ababa and toxicological amplications. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 295-302. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhd.v16i3.9797 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhd.v16i3.9797
Jarup, L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
Kris-Etherton, P. M., Heckar, K. D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S. M., Binkoski, A. E., Hilpert, K. F., Griel, A. E., Etherton, T. D. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 113, no. 9, p. 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0
Lee, C. Y. 2013. Challenges in providing credible scientific evidence of health benefits of dietary polyphenols. Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 524-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.018
Liu, D. H., Jiang, W. S., Hou, W. Q. 2001. Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize (Zeamays L.). Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 228-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.028
López-Amorós, M. L., Hernández, T. Estrella, I. 2006. Effect of germination on legume phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.012
Odedej, I, J. O., Oyeleke, W. A. 2011. Comparative studies on functional properties of whole and dehulled cowpea seed flour (Vigna unguiculata). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 899-902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2011.899.902
Pandey, K. B., Rizvi, S. I. 2009. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 270-278. https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498
Petchiammal, C., Waheeta, H. 2014. Antioxidant activity of proteins from fifteen varieties of legume seeds commonly consumed in India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 6, suppl. no 2, p. 476-479.
Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, P., K. Suribabu, K., Singh, A., K. 2005. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater-a case study. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 109, no. 3-4, p. 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025
Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Reme'sy, C., Jime'nez, L. 2005. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 287-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040869059096 PMID:16047496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1040869059096
Sebastiá, V., Barberá, R., Farré, R., Lagarda, M. J. 2001. Effects of legume processing on calcium, iron and zinc contents and dialysabilities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 81, no. 12, p. 1180-1185. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.927
Seo, O. N., Kim, G. S., Park, S. Lee., J. H., Kim, Y. H., Lee, W. S., Lee, S. J., Kim, C. Y., Jin, J. S., Choi, S. G., Shin, S. C. 2012. Determination of polyphenol components of Lonicera japonica Thunb. using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Contribution to the overall antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, vol. 134, no. 1, p. 572-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.124
Singh, D., Nath, K., Sharma, Y. K. 2007. Response of wheat seed germination and seedling growth under copper stress. Environmental Biology, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 409-414.
Singh, J., Basu, P. S. 2012. Non-Nutritive Bioactive Compounds in Pulses and Their Impact on Human Health: An Overview. Food and Nutrition Sciences, vol. 3, no. 12, p. 1664-1672. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.312218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.312218
Sinha, S., Gupta, A., K. 2005. Assessment of metals in leguminous green manuring plant Sesbaniacannabina L. grown on Fly ash amended soil: effect on antioxidants. Chemosphere, vol. 61, no. 8, p. 1204-1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.063
Somer, E. 1974. Toxic potential of trace metals in foods. A review. Journal of Food Science, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 215-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1974.tb02860.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1974.tb02860.x
Sreerama, Y. N., Sashikala, V. B., Pratape, V. M., Singh, V. 2012. Nutrients and antinutrients in cowpea and horse gram flours in comparison to chickpea flour: Evaluation of their flour functionality. Food Chemistry, vol. 131, no. 2, p. 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.008
Steenland, K. Boffetta, P. 2000. Lead and cancer in humans: where are we now? American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, p. 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<295::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-L DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<295::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-L
Tharanathan, R. N., Mahadevamma, S. 2003. Grain legumes a boon to human nutrition. Trends in Food Science and Technology, vol. 14, no.12, p. 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.002
Troszyńska, A., Ciska, E. 2002. Phenolic compounds of seed coats of white and colored varietes of pea and their total antioxidant activity. Czech Journal of Food Science, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 15-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/3504-CJFS
Vidal-Valverde, C. Frias, J. Estrella, I., Gorospe, M. J. Ruiz, R. Bacon, J. 1994. Effect of processing on some antinutritional factors of lentils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 42, no. 10, p. 2291-2295. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00046a039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00046a039
Vucenik, I., Shamsuddin, A., M. 2006. Protection against cancer by dietary IP6 and inositol. Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5502_1 PMid:17044765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5502_1
WHO. 1992. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) 1992. Cadmium. Environmental Health Criteria 134. World Health Organisation. Geneva.
WHO. 1995. Lead. Environmental Health Criteria, vol. 165, Geneva. Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc165.htm
Wu, Leung., W. T., Butrum, R. 1972. Proximate composition, mineral and vitamin contents of East Asian foods. In: Food composition table for use in East Asia. Bethesda, M. D: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United State Department of Health, Education and Welfare, p. 185-187.
Xu, B. J., Yuan, S. H., Chang, S. K. C. 2007a. Comparative studies on the antioxidant activities of nine common food legumes against copper-induced human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Journal of Food Science, vol. 72, no. 7, p. 522-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00464.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00464.x
Xu, B. J., Yuan, S. H., Chang, S. K., C. 2007b. Comparative analyses of phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, and color of cool season legumes and other selected food legumes. Journal of Food Science, vol. 72, no. 2, p. 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00261.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00261.x
Yang, G. F., Liu, Q. S., Zhang, C. G., Shang, S. H., Jing, Q. N., Xu, H. X. 1986. The effect of lead cadmium mineral oil in soil on soil microorganism and soil enzyme. In Xia Z. L. (Ed.) Study of Soil Environmental Capacity. Beijing : Meteorological Publishing House, p. 157-164.
Zrůst, J. 2003. The risk of potato growing in soils contaminated with heavy metals (In Czech: Riziko pěstování brambor v půdáchfytosanitární a životního prostředí). Vědecký výbor fytosanitární a životní- ho prostředí, Praha, Czeh Republic, 36 p.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This license permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
