Quality and safety of raw cow’s milk in Slovakia in 2011

Authors

  • Peter Zajác State Veterinary and Food Institute Bratislava, Detached testing Laboratory, Akademicka 3, Nitra, National Reference Laboratory for Milk and Milk Products, Akademicka 3, 949 01 Nitra
  • Martin Tomáška Dairy Research Institute, Dlhá 95, 010 01 Žilina, Slovakia
  • Anna Murárová Milex Progres a.s., Beňadická 13, 851 06, Bratislava
  • Jozef Čapla Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra
  • Jozef Čurlej Slovak University of Agriculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5219/189

Keywords:

raw cow`s milk, total bacterial count, somatic cell count, fat, protein, solid not fat, freezing point, drug residue

Abstract

The quality and safety of raw cow’s milk is very important for dairy companies and consumers of milk products. Due to the methods of production, it is impossible to completely eliminate contamination of milk with microorganisms, therefore the microbial content of milk is a major feature in determining its quality. Other important factors to consider include somatic cells count, veterinary drug residues, milk composition and freezing point. Somatic cells represent the udder health and can be used for monitoring of subclinical mastitis. A high level of somatic cells can increase proteolysis in milk which affects technological processes. Veterinary drugs administered to cows may lead to residues in the milk which are harmful to humans. The content of fat, protein and solids-non-fat are the main indicators used by dairies for technological purposes. In this article we discuss the quality and safety of raw cow’s milk in Slovakia during 2011. We found that 73.53% of samples tested for somatic cell count, and 84.54% of samples tested for total bacterial count, met the European Union legislation limits. We found the largest decrease in fat and protein content was during the summer period and the largest increase was in the winter period. We found that 92.14 %, 98.7% and 91.38% of samples met the limit presented in STN 570529:1999 for fat content, protein content and freezing point respectively. The percentage of drug positive samples was 0.087%.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

ADESIYUN, A. A., WEBB AND, L., RAHMAN, S. 1995. Microbiological quality of raw cow milk at collection centers in Trinidad. In J. Food Prod., vol. 58, 1993, p. 139-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-58.2.139

ATARO, A., MCCRINDLE, R. I., BOTHA, B. M., MCCRINDLE, C. M. E., NDIBEWU, P. P. 2008. Quantification of trace elements in raw cow’s milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In Food Chemistry, vol. 111, 2008, no. 1, p. 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.056

AULDIST, M. J., WALSH, B. J., THOMSON, N. A. 1998. Seasonal and lactational influences on bovine milk composition in New Zealand. In J. Dairy Res., vol. 65, 1998, p. 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029998002970 PMid:9718493 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029998002970

BARBANO, D. M., MA, Y., SANTOS, M. V. 2006. Influence of raw milk quality on fluid milk shelf life. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 89, 2006, p. E15-E19. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72360-8 PMiD:16527874 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72360-8

BARBANO, D. M., RASMUSSEN, R. R., LYNCH, J. M. 1991. Influence of milk somatic cell count and milk age on cheese yield. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 74, 1991, p. 369-388. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78179-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78179-4

BERRY, D. P., O’BRIEN, B., O’CALLAGHAN, E. J., SULLIVAN, K. O., MEANEY, W. J. 2006. Temporal Trends in Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and Total Bacterial Count in Irish Dairy Herds During the Past Decade. In J. Dairy Sci. vol. 89, 2006, p. 4083-4093. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72453-5 PMiD:16960086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72453-5

BRYAN, F. L. 1983. Epidemiology of milk-borne diseases. In J. Food Prot., vol. 46, 1983, p. 637-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-46.7.637

BUJKO, J., KOCMAN, R., ŽITNÝ, J., TRAKOVICKÁ, A. HRNČÁR, C. 2011. Analyse of traits of milk production in dairy cows. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 5, 2011, no. 1, p. 5-9. https://doi.org/10.5219/93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/93

CHANDAN, R. C., KILARA, A., SHAN, N. P. 2008. Dairy Processing and Quality Assurance, AMES, IOWA, USA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, 329 p. ISBN 0-8138-2756-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813804033 PMid:19240300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813804033

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1662/2006 of 6 November 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin OJ L 320, 18.11.2006, p. 1-10.

COOREVITS, A., DE JONGHE, V., VANDROEMME, J., REEKMANS, R., HEYRMAN, J., MESSENS, W., DE VOS, P., HEYNDRICKX, M. 2008. Comparative analysis of the diversity of aerobic-spore-forming bacteria in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms system. In Appl. Microbiol., vol. 31, 2008, no. 2, p. 126-140. doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2008.03.002 PMiD:1840609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2008.03.002

DĂNUŢ M., G., ANDRONOIU, D. G., NISTOR, O. V., BOTEZ, E. 2011. Quality control of raw cow milk from Galati county. In Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, vol. 17, 2011, no. 3, p. 303-307.

DUDRIKOVÁ, E., POĽAKOVÁ, L. PUKÁČOVÁ, J. 2010. Health and hygienic conditions of ewe`s milk processing from the aspect of food safety. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 4, 2010, no. 3, p. 14-18. https://doi.org/10.5219/24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/24

FABIANOVÁ, J., DUCKOVÁ, V., ČANIGOVÁ, M., KROČKO, M. 2011. Presence of Enterococci in cow milk and their antibiotic resistance. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 4, 2010, no. 2, p. 17-21. https://doi.org/10.5219/45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/45

FILIPEJOVÁ, T., KOVÁČIK, J. KIRCHNEROVÁ, K. FOLTÝS, V. 2011. Changes in milk composition as a result of metabolic disorders of dairy cows. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 5, 2011, no. 1, p. 10-16. https://doi.org/10.5219/113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/113

FOX, P. F., MC SWEENEY, P. L. H. 1998. Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. London, UK : Blackie Academic and Professional, 1998, 479 p. ISBN 0-412-72000-0.

GOBBETTI, M., MINERVINI, F., RIZZELLO, C. G. 2007. Bioactive peptides in dairy products. In: HUI, Y. H. et al., 2007 Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 489-517. ISBN 978-0-470-04964-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470113554.ch70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470113554.ch70

GUNASEKERA, T. S., VEAL, D. A., ATTFIELD, P. V. 2003. Potential for broad applications of flow cytometry and fluorescence techniques in microbiological and somatic cell analyses of milk. In International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol. 85, 2003, p. 269-279. doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00546-9 PMiD:12878385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00546-9

HEADRICK, M. L., KORANGY, S., BEAN, N. H., ANGULO, F. J., ALTEKRUSE, S. F., POTTER, M. E., KLONTZ, K. C. 1998. The epidemiology of raw milk associated food borne disease out breaks reported in the United States, 1973 through 1992. In Am. J. Public Health, vol. 88, 1998, p. 1219-1221. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.8.1219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.8.1219

PMid:9702153

HECK, J. M. L., VAN VALENBERG, H. J. F., DIJKSTRA, J., VAN HOOIJDONK, A. C. M. 2009. Seasonal variation in the Dutch bovine raw milk composition. In Journal of Dairy Science. vol. 92, 2009, no. 10, p. 4745-4755. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2146 PMiD:19762790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2146

HETTINGA, K. A., VAN VALENBERG, H. J. F, VAN HOOIJDONK, A. C. M. 2008. Quality control of raw cows` milk by headspace analysis. In International Dairy Journal, vol. 18, 2008, no. 5, p. 506-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.10.005

HOGAN, J. 2005. Human health risks associated with high BTSCC milk: Symposium overview. Pages 73-75 in Proc. 44th NMC Annu. Mtg. Natl. Mastitis Counc. Inc., Verona, WI.

HUI, Y. H. 1993. Dairy Science and Technology Handbook, New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1993, 329 p. ISBN 1-56081-078-5.

JANŠTOVÁ, B., DRAČKOVÁ, M., DLESKOVÁ, K., CUPÁKOVÁ, Š., NECIDOVÁ, L., NAVRÁTILOVÁ, P., VORLOVÁ, L. 2011. Quality of raw milk from a farm with automatic milking system in the Czech Republic. In Acta Vet. Brno, vol. 80, 2011, p. 207-214. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201180020207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201180020207

JAYARAO, B. M., HENNING, D. R. 2001. Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 84, 2001, p. 2157-2162. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74661-9 PMiD:11699446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74661-9

KITCHEN, B. J. 1981. Review of the progress of dairy science: Bovine mastitis: Milk compositional changes and related diagnostic tests. In J. Dairy Res., vol. 48, 1981, p. 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900021580 PMiD:7021617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900021580

KORHONEN, H., PIHLANTO-LEPPÄLÄ, A. 2004. Milk – derived bioactive peptides: Formation and prospects for health promotion. In: SHORTT, C., O’BRIEN, J. 2004. Handbook of Functional Dairy Products. Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press, 2004, p. 109-124. doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227235-8/00327-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203009734.ch6

LINDMARK-MÅNSSON, H., FONDÉN, R., PETTERSSON, H. E. 2003. Composition of Swedish dairy milk. In Int. Dairy J., vol. 13, 2003, p. 409-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(03)00032-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(03)00032-3

LOCK, A. L., GARNSWORTHY, P. C. 2003. Seasonal variation in milk conjugated linoleic acid and delta(9)-desaturase activity in dairy cows. In Livest. Prod. Sci., vol. 79, 2003, p. 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00118-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00118-5

MA, Y., RYAN, C., BARBANO, D. M., GALTON, D. M., RUDAN, M. A., BOOR, K. J. 2000. Effects of somatic cell count on quality and shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 83, 2000, p. 264-274. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74873-9 PMiD:10714859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74873-9

MUIR, D. D. 1996. Shelf-life of dairy products: 2. Raw milk and fresh products. In Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology, vol. 49, 1996, p. 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1996.tb02487.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1996.tb02487.x

MUNRO, G. L., GRIEVE, P. A., KITCHEN, B. J. 1984. Effects of mastitis on milk yield, milk composition, processing properties and yield and quality of milk products. In Aust. J. Dairy Technol., vol. 39, 1984, p. 7-16.

PARK, Y. W. 2009. Overview of Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products. In: Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products. Iowa, USA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 3-12. ISBN 978-0-8138-1982-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813821504.ch1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813821504.ch1

POĽÁKOVÁ, L., DUDRIKOVÁ, E., GALLO, J. 2011. Presence of S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. in goat`s cheese and their antibiotics resistance. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 5, 2011, no 3, p. 33-37. https://doi.org/10.5219/144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/144

PUKÁČOVÁ, J., POĽAKOVÁ, L., DUDRIKOVÁ, E. 2010. Sensitivity to antibiotics in strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow`s milk. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 4, 2010, no. 4, p. 56-64. https://doi.org/10.5219/21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/21

RUEGG, P. L., TABONE, T. J. 2000. The relationship between antibiotic residue violations and somatic cell counts in Wisconsin dairy herds. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 83, 2000, p. 2805-2809. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75178-2 PMiD:11132850 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75178-2

SAVILLE, W. J., WITTUM, T. E., SMITH, K. L. 2000. Association between measures of milk quality and risk of violative antimicrobial residues in grade-A raw milk. In J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 217, 2000, p. 541-545. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.541 PMid:10953720 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.541

SØRHAUG, T., STEPANIAK, L. 1997. Psychrotrophs and their enzymes in milk and dairy products quality aspects. In Trends in Food Science and Technology, vol. 8, 1997, p. 35- 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01006-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01006-6

PMid:21299575

STEELE, M. L., MCNAB, W. B., POPPE, C., GRAFFITHS, M. W., CHEN, S., DEGRANDIS, S. A., FRUHNER, L. C., LARKIN, C. A., LYNCH J. A., ODUMERU, J. A. 1997. Survey of Ontario bulk tank milk for food borne pathogens. In J. Food Prot., vol. 60, 1997, p. 1341-1346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-60.11.1341

STN 570529:1999 Raw cow's milk to dairy processing and treatment.

STRALEY, B. A., DONALDSON, S. C., HEDGE, N. V., SAWANT, A. A., SRINIVASAN, V., OLIVER, S. P., JAYARAO, B. M. 2006. Public health significance of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative bacteria in raw bulk tank milk. In Foodborne Pathog. Dis., vol. 3, 2006, p. 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2006.3.222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2006.3.222

PMid:16972770

TAMIME, A. Y. 2009. Milk Processing and Quality management. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons in Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009. 316 p. ISBN 978-1-4051-4530-5.

ZIGO, F., VASIĽ, M., KADÁŠI, M., ELEČKO, J., FARKAŠOVÁ, Z. 2011. Bacteria Staphylococcus spp. izolated from mastitis of sheep their enterotoxigenic properties. In Potravinarstvo, vol. 5, 2011, p. 70-72. https://doi.org/10.5219/171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/171

Downloads

Published

2012-02-25

How to Cite

Zajác, P. ., Tomáška, M. ., Murárová, A. ., Čapla, J. ., & Čurlej, J. . (2012). Quality and safety of raw cow’s milk in Slovakia in 2011. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 6(2), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.5219/189

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 > >>