QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF PROTEIN GELS FROM ALBUMEN BASE

The aim of this research was to monitor strength of egg albumen gels depending on addition additives salt, sugar, corn syrup, citric acid, citric acid in combination with sugar, whey protein and apple fiber. The egg albumen gel was prepared under two temperature limits at 70 and 90 °C. The highest strengths of egg albumen gel were achieved at 90 °C in the albumen gel with the addition of 1% citric acid and 3.5% sugar with a strength of 7.38 N, with the lowest strength of 1.61 N being achieved with the albumen gel with 0.1% salt. For an egg albumen gel prepared at 70 °C, the strength ranged from 1.34 N (0.1% salt) to 6.63 N (1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar). On average, the pH of egg albumen gels ranged from 4.67 (1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar) to 9.05 (0.1% salt). For the strength of egg albumen gel and pH with additives of various additives at a given concentration, a statistically significant difference was found.


INTRODUCTION
Egg albumen is one of the most important sources of animal proteins that make up the main component of dry matter, and their content ranges from 10 to 12% in native protein.Egg albumen is rich in ovalbumin (about 54%), ovotransferrin (about 12%), ovomucoid (about 11%), and lysozyme (about 3.4%) (Mine, 2002).It is gelation is a complex process involving protein denaturation, aggregation and formation of gel network (Mine, 1995).Egg proteins are especially valuable for the high content of essential amino acids that are essential for humans because they cannot synthesize themselves in the body.The digestibility of egg proteins is in the range of 98 -100%.
Eggs, especially egg albumen, have several functional properties that are used in the food industry.These properties include mainly gel forming ability, foaming capability and emulsifying properties.Changes in egg albumen during egg storage affect its functional properties (Mine and Yang, 2010; Wang et al., 2010).Most functional properties of egg white depend on exposure of hydrophobic groups, molecular surface and interactions of these groups (Li-Chan, Powrie and Nakai, 1995).Proteins produce gels by polymerization in a number of molecules, providing a three-dimensional network, and this process takes place by transforming a viscous liquid into a viscous elastic matrix (Hermansson, 1979).The formation of the gel structure takes place in two phases where the first phase involves changes in conformation (mostly induced by heat) or partial denaturation of protein molecules.In the protein dispersion thus formed, the first features of the elastic solid appeared.In the second stage, aggregation of denatured proteins results in increased viscosity and formation of a fixed network.The second phase should be slower to make a gradual build-up of the organized grid network, because if accelerated at this stage, a non-organized structure would form, a coagulum that would not be able to retain water, which would lead to syneresis.The nature and properties of egg whites may be affected by several factors, predominantly protein concentration and pH values of the solution.Egg albumen gel formation can be conditioned by the use of both heating and cooling, depending on the nature of the protein and the process itself (Alleoni, 2006).
The ability to coagulate egg albumen is used in many food productssuch as surimi, baker's products, desserts, meat products and currently in very popular foods called "superfoods" with a high protein content, which important especially for athletes or people with alternative diets.Commercially available egg albumen products have a wide range of uses and are produced in various shapes (dice, burgers, rollers).These products can be enriched with other nutritionally valuable substances, such as fiber (Zayas, 1997).
Egg albumen coagulates at pH 7 from 65.0 °C and at pH 9 to 69.5 °C.Gelling traditionally requires warming, but can also be caused by high pressure, acidification, enzymatic amplification, salt or urea use.The characteristics of each gel are different and depend on the degree of degradation and protein concentration (Kaewmanee, 2010).
Texture is one of the major quality factors in foods in addition to appearance, flavour and nutrition.In many cases, sensory texture is correlated with rheological properties measured by instruments (Pollak and Peleg, 1982).The quality of the resulting egg albumen gel is evaluated mainly by its strength.

Scientific hypothesis
The main hypothesis of this work is detection of dependence of egg albumen gel strength, pH and height on species and amount of addition.

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
For the determination of the strength of the egg albumen gel were use hen eggs, hybrid Hisex Brown from a commercial breeding from South Moravia, Czech Republic.The hens were fed a complete feed mixture.Hen eggs were imported on a laying day and stored at 4 °C and 75% relative humidity.For fortification was used different salt additions (0.1 and 0.4%), sugar (10%), corn syrup (10%), citric acid (1%), citric acid in combination with sugar (1 + 3.5%), whey protein (1 and 3%), apple fiber (1 and 3%), where the strength of the egg gel was determined.
The egg albumen gel was made from the fresh eggs, where the egg was manually crushed, and the individual egg components were separated.The egg albumen was thoroughly homogenized, and the additive was added thereto at a certainly concentration.The albumen protein preparation thus prepared was poured into the sampler and placed in a water bath at 90 °C for 30 min and for comparison at 70 °C for 30 min.For measuring the strength of the gel, a universal instrument for measuring physical characteristics -TIRAtest (type 27025, TIRA, Germany) was used.
A flat-plate pressure test with a crossbar speed of 100 mm.min -1 was performed using this instrument.From each gel was cut 8 cylinders with a height and a diameter of 1 cm.
The concentration of hydrogen ions is expressed by the hydrogen exponent (pH), which is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.Digital pH was used for determination PORTAMESS 911 pH KNICK with injection electrodes and the height of the egg albumen gels was measured with a sliding gauge.

Statistic analysis
Statistical analysis of the differences was based on Statistica12 (StatSoft, Czech Republic), namely singlefactor ANOVA -Duncan's test.Microsoft Excel version 2010 (Microsoft, USA) was used to evaluate the results.The statistically inconclusive difference was considered to be a result whose probability value reached p >0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, we focused on proteins precisely albumen gels on egg albumen base.Additives were added to the homogeneity of the egg albumen mixture at a given concentration.As standard in this case, the egg albumen was used without any addition.The strengths of the egg albumen gel at a preparation temperature of 90 °C are shown in Table 1.Strengths was observed in the specimens thus prepared, when the result showed that the highest value was achieved by the gels with the addition of 1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar (7.38 N) and the lowest values were achieved in egg albumen gels with the addition of 0.1% salt (1.61 N).
Compared to the standard pure egg albumen gel, the highest value increased by 4.71 N and the lowest value dropped by 1.05 N. When using a lower sample temperature (70 °C), there were very similar results when the highest strength of the egg albumen gel was achieved in the sample with 1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar and the lowest value in the sample with 0.1% salt.Raikos, Campbell and Euston (2007) says that the highest achieved strength of the egg albumen gel with the addition of 3% sugar + 3% salt when the value is 14.21 N, which is higher than our results by 48%.Adding 1% apple fiber to albumen gel strength increased by 1.56 N over egg albumen gel without addition at 90 °C.Higher amounts of fiber resulted in a decrease in the strength of the protein by 0.61 N. Similarly, an albumen gel prepared at 70 °C was obtained when the addition of 1% of apple fiber increased the egg albumen gel strength by 2.03 N against the gel without addition.When comparing the results of the egg albumen gel strength at 90 and 70 °C, it can be seen that the lower strength of the resulting albumen gel occurred at a lower sample preparation temperature.On the other hand, the lowest value was achieved by in its results in the sample with the addition of 6% salt, where the value was 4.66 N (Raikos, Campbell and Euston, 2007).This value approximated our results for egg albumen gels with the addition of 1% whey protein (4.60 N) at 90 °C and at 70 °C for samples with 1% citric acid (4.86 N) added.

Holt et al. (1984)
showed egg albumen gel strength were highest in gels with a treatment combination of 85.2 °C, pH 9.0, and 0.08 M NaCl.Temperature had the greatest effect on all three rheological parameters.Gels heated above 80 °C were of unusual character, exhibiting syneresis and shrinkage.The average pH values of egg albumen gel with additive additions in a given concentration are shown in Table 2. Croguennec, Nau and Brulé (2002) states that the highest strength of the egg albumen gel occurs at pH 5, resulting in gross aggregation, and the resulting coagulate has a low viscoelastic property whereas egg albumen gels at pH 7 and 9 are more viscoelastic.The highest strength values for egg albumen gel were obtained at pH 9.05 (0.1% salt) and the lowest ones at pH 4.67 (1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar).

Handa et al. (1998)
showed that at pH 7 and 9 had egg albumen gels a fine and uniform network structure that may have contributed to the excellent gel properties.It is clear from our results that the additive additives we have chosen, have a significant effect on the measured pH values, when compared to the standard which was 9.04 for the egg albumen gel without addition, the average pH values ranged from 9.05 to 4. 67. Li et al. (2018) states that pH values also had affect eggs' other functional properties as a foam and foam stability.
Egg albumen gel height values (Table 3) were also observed, with the highest value achieved by the albumen gel with the addition of 1% citric acid + 3.5% sugar (4.23 cm) and the lowest value of 1.98 cm protein albumen gel with the addition of 10% corn syrup.
Between individual samples a statistically significant difference was observed due to different pH values.Adding 1% whey protein reduced the egg albumen gel height by 0.8 cm.However, after the addition of 3% whey protein, the height increased by 0.31 cm in the sample at 90 °C.Egg albumen gel height results correspond to pH values, where it can generally be said that lower height albumen gel has been reached in the alkaline environment than in the acidic environment.

Raikos, Campbell and Euston, 2007).
The egg albumen gels are produced without flavour and with flavours in a salty and sweet form.They can be used in cold kitchens (e.g.grated, salad cuts) or in hot kitchens (they can be baked, choked, cooked).The addition carbohydrates and/or salt in products are common in the food industry and therefore it is important to consider their effect with respect to protein gel formation ( °C (Simeonovová et al., 2013).Factors influencing gel formation are temperature, warm-up time, pH value and ionic strength.Egg protein properties change due to chemical changes in glycoprotein and ovomucin (Kirunda and McKee, 2007).These changes lead to No. 1/2019 a decrease in the height of the solid egg by lowering its viscosity and losing its gel-like structure (Hammershøj and Quist, 2001; Lomakina and Míková, 2006).

Table 1
Effect of type and amount of addition additives on egg albumen gel strength at 90 and 70 °C.Note: a, b, c, d, e, f, gdifferent superscripts in a line indicate a statistically significant difference at p <0.05.

Table 2
Effect of type and amount of addition additives on pH value egg albumen gel.Note: a, b, c, ddifferent superscripts in a line indicate a statistically significant difference at p <0.05.

Table 3
Effect of type and amount of addition additives on height of the egg albumen gel.

and type of addition Height of the egg albumen gels 90 °C [cm] Height of the egg albumen gels 70 °C [cm]
, b, c, ddifferent superscripts in a line indicate a statistically significant difference at p <0.05.